面向工业园区废水臭氧氧化深度处理性能评价的模型污染物选择与评估

臭氧氧化近年来逐渐成为废水深度处理主要工艺之一.在臭氧氧化深度水处理技术创新的过程中,研发人员需要对大量臭氧氧化新技术、新装置和新材料等进行废水深度处理性能评价,然而常为选择何种模型污染物能够预估其深度处理实际废水时化学需氧量(COD)/总有机碳(TOC)削减方面的性能而困扰.现有研究选用的众多模型污染物能够在何种程度上代表实际废水深度处理时COD/TOC削减方面的特性尚不明确.面向废水深度处理的模型污染物选择与评估对臭氧氧化深度水处理技术标准体系的构建具有意义.对19种模型污染物溶液(无缓冲水溶液和碳酸氢盐缓冲溶液)和4种工业园区废水的二级出水进行臭氧氧化处理,对其有机物总量削减的相似性通过聚类分析等方法进行评估.结果表明,模型污染物溶液经过臭氧氧化处理的有机物总量削减率的差异性大于4种实际废水间的差异,从而为筛选模型污染物用于臭氧氧化深度水处理技术性能评价提供了可能.采用酮基布洛芬、 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸和磺胺二甲基嘧啶的无缓冲水溶液,以及非那西汀、磺胺二甲基嘧啶和三氯蔗糖的碳酸氢盐缓冲溶液预测3种工业园区二沉池出水臭氧处理60 min COD削减率的误差不超过9%以及5%.模型污...     

白洋淀典型水域COD的组成及各组分贡献

化学需氧量（COD）是我国评估有机耗氧污染的关键指标,为探究白洋淀湖心区和沼泽区天然水体COD构成组分,通过物理连续分级和三维荧光等方法揭示水体中的耗氧有机物质主要组成、来源和影响因素.结果表明,白洋淀COD主要由类蛋白质和类腐殖质溶解性有机物质贡献（59%~93%）,无机物（如Cl^-和NO₃^-等）对COD产生的贡献甚微,可忽略不计;上覆水有机物主要受内生植被降解、沉积物释放［TOC释放通量1.55~2.28 mg ·（m² ·d）^-1］等内源［生物源指数（BIX）>0.8］和人为污染、芦苇台田等陆源的共同影响（1.4<荧光指数（FI）<1.9）,沉积物有机质以陆源（芦苇台田）为主.研究水域COD的组分主要受难生化降解有机物质（RDOC）控制,RDOC在天然环境中降解周期较长,重铬酸钾法会在短时间内迅速氧化大部分RDOC,因此高估了水体的有机耗氧污染水平.     

不同灾后救援情境下医疗人员与医疗物品最优订购的报童模型

灾后救援过程中医疗人员和医疗物品的最优配置（订购）是应急管理的1个重要问题,运用多产品报童模型分析不同灾后救援情境下医疗人员与医疗物品最优配置（订购）问题。首先,针对地震、海啸等不同灾害类型的灾后救援情境,结合医疗人员和医疗物品的互补特征,提出3条基本假设;其次,分析医疗人员和医疗物品2种资源不同订购量的期望收益函数,构建2种资源的最优订购报童模型,根据海瑟矩阵证明该问题存在着最优解,并运用库恩塔克优化条件得出最优解;最后,结合数值分析方法,分析地震、海啸等救援情境下医疗人员与医疗物品的最优订购数量。研究结果表明:医疗物品最优订购数量与其成本成反比;医疗物品最优订购数量与医疗人员最优配置数量成正比,与其退货补贴成正比;医疗人员和医疗物品的最优配置（订购）数量需要满足基本的互补关系。     

基于WBS-RBS的突发事件应急资源需求匹配研究

针对突发事件的应急处置具有“情景依赖”这一特性,“情景-应对”方式可作为突发事件应急处置的首选指导方法,而应急资源作为应急处置的核心资源之一,其供给与需求的一致性是提高应急救援效率的关键因素,因此,提供符合灾害需求的应急资源配置,对于提升应急管理水平和应急救援效率具有重要意义。将项目管理理论中的工作分解结构（WBS）、资源分解结构（RBS）思想,融入突发事件应急处置中,将突发事件情景依据WBS分解成若干个由独立救援任务构成的集合,再针对具体的救援任务需求,提供相应的装备物资,构建基于WBS-RBS的突发事件应急资源需求匹配矩阵,进而为突发事件整体应急管理水平的提高,提供有益的参考和借鉴。     

Smart meters for enhanced water supply network modelling and infrastructure planning

To design water distribution network infrastructure, water utilities formulate daily demand profiles and peaking factors. However, traditional methods of developing such profiles and peaking factors, necessary to carry out water distribution network modelling, are often founded on a number of assumptions on how top-down bulk water consumption is attributed to customer connections and outdated demand information that does not reflect present consumption trends; meaning infrastructure is often unnecessarily overdesigned. The recent advent of high resolution smart water meters allows for a new novel methodology for using the continuous ‘big data’ generated by these meter fleets to create evidence-based water demand curves suitable for use in network models. To demonstrate the application of the developed method, high resolution water consumption data from households fitted with smart water meters were collected from the South East Queensland and Hervey Bay regions in Australia. Average day (AD), peak day (PD) and mean day maximum month (MDMM) demand curves, often used in water supply network modelling, were developed from the herein created methodology using both individual end-use level and hourly demand patterns from the smart meters. The resulting modelled water demand patterns for AD, PD and MDMM had morning and evening peaks occurring earlier and lower main peaks (AD: 12%; PD: 20%; MDMM: 33%) than the currently used demand profiles of the regions’ water utility. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of widespread smart water metering systems for enhanced water distribution infrastructure planning and management as well as the benefits to customers.     

长三角地区城市化对典型生态系统服务供需的影响

长三角地区快速城市化进程影响了生态系统服务供需的平衡关系,为实现长三角一体化高质量发展需要探究城市化对生态系统服务供需的影响。基于生态模型、Pearson相关性、随机森林、局部空间自相关等方法分析城市化和生态系统服务供需间的影响关系、敏感性与空间交互关系,提出生态管理措施。研究发现：2000—2018年间,长三角地区城市化综合水平上涨133.33%;各典型生态系统服务供需比均为正但均呈下降趋势,平均下降幅度22.39%;城市化对生态系统服务供需比具有显著的负向影响,2000—2018年间,影响强度平均上升82.34%;食物生产对人口城市化敏感性较强,碳储存和生境质量对经济城市化敏感性较强,水源涵养和PM_2.5去除则对空间城市化敏感性较强;城市化与生态系统服务供需比存在较大的空间错配性。由此建议将长三角地区划分为生态利用区、生态重构区、生态源地区和生态修复区,并结合城市化和生态系统服务供需特征提出生态优化管理措施。     

氧化塘技术处理采油废水运转效果监测及分析

氧化塘技术是处理工业废水常用的方法之一。对桩西采油厂的氧化塘设置了5个监测点位,每月监测4～8次。由监测数据可知,氧化塘温度决定藻类、细菌和其他水生物优势种属的演替;COD的去除效果受季节影响较小;塘内水流受风向影响较大;对石油类物质的去除效果比较稳定;挥发酚的去除与季节有较大关联;硫化物的去除率很高。分析结果表明,该氧化塘运转状况良好,但应注意来水状况。     

Factors affecting the variability of household water use in Melbourne,Australia

This study investigates the variability of household water use in Melbourne with the aim of improving the current understanding of factors affecting residential water use. This understanding is critical to predicting household water demand, particularly at an appropriate spatial and temporal resolution to support Integrated Urban Water Management based planning and to improve the understanding on how different household water demands respond to demand management strategies. The study used two sets of data each collected from 837 households under significantly different water use conditions in the years 2003 and 2011. Data from each household consist of the household characteristics and quarterly metre readings. Ordinary Least Square regression analysis followed by detailed analysis of each factor was used to identify key factors affecting household water use. The variables studied are household size, typology of dwelling, appliance efficiency, presence of children under 12 years, presence of children aged between 12 and 18 years, tenancy, dwelling age, presence of swimming pool, evaporative cooler, and dishwasher. All of them except presence of children aged between 12 and 18 years, tenancy and dwelling age were identified as variables that contribute to the variability of household water use in Melbourne. The study also found that the explanatory capacity of these variables increases with decreasing water use. This paper also discusses the significance of the explanatory variables, their impact and how they vary over the seasons and years. The variables found in this study can be used to inform improved prediction and modelling of residential water demand. The paper also explores other possible drivers to explain residential water use in light of the moderate explanatory capacity of the variables selected for this study thus, provides useful insights into future research into water demand modelling.     

工业废水BOD5与CODCr相关关系以及BOD5测定的简化法

通过研究BOD5与CODCr的相关性,用线性函数BOD5=a+bCODCr的形式进行一元回归,间接求出BOD5或指导BOD5的测定,验证BOD5结果的准确性以及通过对稀释法公式的推导得出简化法的公式,并与稀释法进行比较,结果表明,简化后的方法与稀释法无显著差异,精密度、准确度较好.