Detecting points as developmental delay based on the life-history development and urosome deformity of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato, following exposure to benzo(a)pyrene

To identify ecotoxicological responses to an endocrine disrupter, benzo(a)pyrene, we examined the life-history of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato. Based on the life-history of copepods, survival rate of nauplii (NSR) and copepodites (CSR), copepodite emergence day (CED) and adult male emergence day (AMED), sex ratio (MER), brooding success rate (BSR), and first brooding day of adult females (FBD) were measured. Significant differences were observed in the survival and development of nauplii (NSR and CED) and sex ratio (MER) of exposed and non-exposed copepods. Moreover, high concentration of BaP can be lethal to copepodite and exhibited a delay of growth. In this study, the CED and AMED among ecotoxicological response based on life-history developments were delayed and the body characteristics decreased in response to exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. The dwarfism and urosome deformity of the T. japonicus s.l. was exhibited in response to chemical exposure. Specifically, the body characteristics and biomass of dwarf copepods that had been exposed to benzo(a)pyrene were 30% and 50% lower than the control group, respectively. The incidence of abnormal urosomes was divided into two types. The first deformity type was signs of shrinkage in the middle of the urosome or the entire urosome was narrower than those of the control organisms. In the second type, the anal somite and the distal side of the urosome had abnormally swelled. Taken together, the nauplii and copepodid development of T. japonicus s.l. can be used as a useful biomaker for detecting developmental delay based on their entire life-history. In addition, the urosome deformity was used a good potential monitoring tool invading various chemicals and environmental contamination into water system.     

A theoretical integration of leader emergence and leadership effectiveness: Over,under, and congruent emergence

There is a long and rich history of research on the concept of leader emergence. Much of this research positions leader emergence alongside leadership effectiveness as an epiphenomenal criterion in leadership research. Although this view has enhanced our understanding of factors that influence leader emergence and leadership effectiveness individually, our understanding of the potential alignment or misalignment of these concepts remains opaque. Following from this, we are left with unanswered questions concerning how, why, and under what conditions do the right or wrong leaders emerge or fail to emerge. Theory that develops insights into these questions is needed to advance our understanding of leadership and to cope with challenges of identifying and developing effective leaders and maximizing leadership potential in organizations. By integrating theories of leader emergence and leadership effectiveness—and considering their implications jointly—we provide a conceptual basis for identifying and understanding a more complete range of leader emergence than has been suggested in the literature. Importantly, our theoretical frame explains how our leader emergence types—over-emergence, under-emergence, congruent emergence, and congruent non-emergence—are differentially associated with a common set of factors. In doing so, we illuminate tradeoffs that might accompany different interventions intended to enhance leadership in organizations.     

Exposure of tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae) to combinations of carbaryl and cypermethrin

Cypermethrin and carbaryl are both used to control pests of rice paddy crops but the two insecticides have different modes of action. In some areas or climates, the breeding of frogs living in rice paddy fields and the application of the insecticides coincide. The effects of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor carbaryl and the sodium channel blocker cypermethrin, both individually and in combination, were investigated on the survival and emergence of froglets of Fejervarya limnocharis using a 3?×?3 concentration factorial design (0, 25, and 50?μg L^?1). Compared to controls, carbaryl showed no effect on survival and froglet emergence. Exposure to cypermethrin reduced the survival and froglet emergence in a concentration-dependent manner. When tadpoles were exposed to combinations of carbaryl and cypermethrin, the influence of carbaryl on survival and froglet emergence is less significant than that of cypermethrin.     

重大突发地质灾害应急处置的基本问题

地质灾害应急处置是地质灾害应急响应的中心环节，是针对地质灾害险情或灾情采取的紧急减灾行动。工作实施体现为6个“快”，即“快调查、快监测、快定性、快论证、快决策和快实施”。作者结合十多年的工作经验，在理论上界定了地质灾害应急处置各阶段要解决的关键问题，同时提出了执行应急任务的科技人员应具备政策法规、科学理论、技术方法、工作程序和社会人文等方面的知识。最后，简单介绍了特大型滑坡险情应急处置（Ⅰ级响应）和大型黄土崩滑地质灾害应急处置（Ⅱ级响应）的有关实例。     

热带森林火灾产生的特点分析

在分析我国热带气候特征，植物种类，植物燃料特性和对几种典型热带林木枝，叶进行热解实验的基础,计算了南粤地区热带森林火险区划等级和林火蔓延速度，并讨论了热带森林火灾产生的特点。     

沉积物中六氯苯对摇蚊幼虫的慢性毒性效应

以淡水底栖动物花翅羽摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)幼虫为受试生物,研究了沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)对其28 d的慢性毒性效应,观察摇蚊幼虫的存活情况和活动行为,以死亡率、羽化率和羽化时间为受试终点,计算28 d试验后沉积物中HCB对摇蚊的半数致死浓度(lethal concentration 50,LC50)以及50%羽化时间(50%emergence time,EmT50)。结果表明,HCB对摇蚊28 d的LC50为59.8 mg·kg-1,对摇蚊羽化率的半数效应浓度(half maximal effective concentration,EC50)为59.8 mg·kg-1。与大多数污染物不同,HCB有促进摇蚊幼虫筑巢行为和羽化的作用,随着HCB染毒浓度升高,摇蚊幼虫筑巢行为加强,EmT50缩短。暴露于高浓度HCB(21.6 mg·kg-1)时,摇蚊的EmT50与对照相比明显缩短,尤其对雄性摇蚊影响更大。但与对照相比,HCB对羽化摇蚊的性别比没有很大影响。     

基于系统理论事故模型与过程的危险性分析方法

传统危险性分析方法将事故视为开始事件诱发的一连串事件所造成的不幸后果,适于处理相对简单或由物理组件构成的系统,但无法胜 任较为复杂的社会技术系统,有必要研究和探索推广性更好、更为有效的系统安全分析手段。系统理论事故模型与过程（STAMP）将安全视为系 统组件间交互的一种涌现特性,并认为事故起因除了组件失效,组件间交互失常而违背安全约束也是重要诱因。主张在系统开发、设计和运行 中通过加强控制和强化有关安全约束来预防事故。基于此,先引入了STAMP的基本概念,并介绍了其分析步骤,然后,以贴近真实的导弹拦截系 统危险性分析案例,阐述了基于STAMP的分析过程。该分析方法可为开发较高安全性水平的社会技术系统提供技术支持。     

考虑多因素涌现的车间作业人员安全能力模型

为了构建多因素涌现作用形成的车间人员安全能力结构模型,提出了一种基于DEMATEL法的人员安全能力建模方法。首先,在现有人员安全能力相关研究的基础上,界定人员安全能力及涌现的概念,并由此分析车间作业人员安全能力的影响因素,建立人员安全能力因素集;然后,借助问卷调查和DEMATEL法确定人员安全能力影响因素的中心度和原因度,从而分析车间作业人员安全能力影响因素的作用关系;最后,通过一个实证分析说明所提出的建模方法,并建立人员安全能力结构模型。研究结果表明,所提出的建模方法可以用于构建涌现条件下的人员安全能力结构模型。     

Comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques: A case study with the rice model WARM

The considerable complexity often included in biophysical models leads to the need of specifying a large number of parameters and inputs, which are available with various levels of uncertainty. Also, models may behave counter-intuitively, particularly when there are nonlinearities in multiple input-output relationships. Quantitative knowledge of the sensitivity of models to changes in their parameters is hence a prerequisite for operational use of models. This can be achieved using sensitivity analysis (SA) via methods which differ for specific characteristics, including computational resources required to perform the analysis. Running SA on biophysical models across several contexts requires flexible and computationally efficient SA approaches, which must be able to account also for possible interactions among parameters. A number of SA experiments were performed on a crop model for the simulation of rice growth (Water Accounting Rice Model, WARM) in Northern Italy. SAs were carried out using the Morris method, three regression-based methods (Latin hypercube sampling, random and Quasi-Random, LpTau), and two methods based on variance decomposition: Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (E-FAST) and Sobol’, with the latter adopted as benchmark. Aboveground biomass at physiological maturity was selected as reference output to facilitate the comparison of alternative SA methods. Rankings of crop parameters (from the most to the least relevant) were generated according to sensitivity experiments using different SA methods and alternate parameterizations for each method, and calculating the top-down coefficient of concordance (TDCC) as measure of agreement between rankings. With few exceptions, significant TDCC values were obtained both for different parameterizations within each method and for the comparison of each method to the Sobol’ one. The substantial stability observed in the rankings seem to indicate that, for a crop model of average complexity such as WARM, resource intensive SA methods could not be needed to identify most relevant parameters. In fact, the simplest among the SA methods used (i.e., Morris method) produced results comparable to those obtained by methods more computationally expensive.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.