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861.
862.
863.
徐新华 《生态与农村环境学报》1997,(3)
对1990年江浙沪地区人为氨排放进行了统计计算,结果表明江浙沪地区人为氨排放总量为769.30kt,主要的氨来源为化肥的使用、家畜以及能源的消耗,其中家畜占300%、化肥使用占250%、能源消耗占258%。江浙沪地区单位面积排放强度为3.65t/km2,而人均排放量为626kg/人。 相似文献
864.
865.
Chan-Wei Wu Rong-Horng Chen Jen-Yung Pu Ta-Hui Lin 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2004,38(40):7093
Ethanol–gasoline-blended fuel was tested in a conventional engine under various air–fuel equivalence ratios (λ) for its performance and emissions. The amount of fuel injection was adjusted manually by an open-loop control system using a CONSULT controller. It was found that without changing throttle opening and injection strategy, λ could be extended to a leaner condition as ethanol content increased. The results of engine performance tests showed that torque output would increase slightly at small throttle valve opening when ethanol–gasoline-blended fuel was used. It was also shown that CO and HC emissions were reduced with the increase of ethanol content in the blended fuel, which resulted from oxygen enrichment. At an air–fuel equivalence ratio slightly larger than one, the smallest amounts of CO and HC and the largest amounts of CO2 resulted. It was noted that under the lean combustion condition, CO2 emission was controlled by air–fuel equivalence ratio; while under the rich combustion condition, CO2 emission is offset by CO emission. It was also found that CO2 emission per unit horse power output for blended fuel was similar or less than that for gasoline fuel. From the experimental data, the optimal ethanol content in the gasoline and air–fuel equivalence ratio in terms of engine performance and air pollution was found. 相似文献
866.
Sergey Kakareka Sergey Gromov Jozef Pacyna Tamara Kukharchyk 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2004,38(40):7101-7109
As the result of our research, the specific procedures to use emission factor methodology were developed and applied for trace metal emission evaluation into the atmosphere over the territory of the former Soviet Union. The existing data on heavy metal emissions were revised as background information from official sources and expert estimations. Source categories and different initial information as well as the concept of spatial emission distribution were defined and observed. The calculated atmospheric emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury were produced among the main source categories of 12 NIS countries for 1990, 1995 and 1997, using modified emission coefficients.Total cadmium emissions into the atmosphere from determined source categories were estimated as 388.4 tonnes in 1990 for the whole domain with reduction by up to 207.0 tonnes per year for 1997. Mercury emissions were estimated as equal to 303.2 tonnes in 1990 and 159.8 tonnes in 1997. Lead emission amounted to 24903.0 tonnes in 1990, and 9652.5 tonnes in 1997.The results of the evaluation demonstrated the general trends of atmospheric heavy metal emissions with a greater decrease during the first half of the 1990s followed later by the rather stable level to be explained by recession in industrial activity and fuel consumption in NIS in that period. The significant spatial variations of atmospheric emissions over vast territories are described based on the results of their distribution according to 1×1 degree grid with remarkably higher values in the location of industrial cities. 相似文献
867.
综述了国内外几种常用的机动车颗粒污染物排放因子的确定方法,介绍了各模型的使用概况及其优缺点,最后提出对机动车颗粒污染物排放因子应深入开展有关研究。 相似文献
868.
以上海市某冶金企业为例,该厂有正常运行的冶炼炉13座,每年向大气中排放大量颗粒污染物.基于高斯倾斜烟羽模式,整理了2003年上海市全年的气象资料,运用气象概率矩阵法计算了该厂直排点源及无组织面源排放颗粒物的影响,得出了厂区内无组织排放颗粒物落地浓度等值线图.计算结果表明,厂区内颗粒物污染主要来自无组织面源,污染集中在厂区中心的污染源附近;直排点源对环境的影响较小,污染主要集中在下风向. 相似文献
869.
A. K. Djien Liem Job A. van Zorge 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1995,2(1):46-56
Several countries have put much effort in dioxin research programmes with the aim to assess the risks of dioxin exposure,
to identify dioxin sources and to quantify their contribution to environmental emissions and human exposure. In this review,
the accent has been put on: sources of dioxins and their contribution to the total dioxin emissions, sources of human exposure
and their contribution to exposure and measures to reduce emission and exposure. The information from countries with existing
dioxin regulations is reviewed and compared. Uncertainties which hamper comparability of data are indicated. Results of measures
and expectations for the near future are presented. 相似文献
870.
A.D. Bhanarkar S.K. Goyal R. Sivacoumar C.V. Chalapati Rao 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2005,39(40):7745-7760
Contribution of pollution from different types of sources in Jamshedpur, the steel city of India, has been estimated in winter 1993 using two approaches in order to delineate and prioritize air quality management strategies for the development of region in an environmental friendly manner. The first approach mainly aims at preparation of a comprehensive emission inventory and estimation of spatial distribution of pollution loads in terms of SO2 and NO2 from different types of industrial, domestic and vehicular sources in the region. The results indicate that industrial sources account for 77% and 68% of the total emissions of SO2 and NO2, respectively, in the region, whereas vehicular emissions contributed to about 28% of the total NO2 emissions. In the second approach, contribution of these sources to ambient air quality levels to which the people are exposed to, was assessed through air pollution dispersion modelling. Ambient concentration levels of SO2 and NO2 have been predicted in winter season using the ISCST3 model. The analysis indicates that emissions from industrial sources are responsible for more than 50% of the total SO2 and NO2 concentration levels. Vehicular activities contributed to about 40% of NO2 pollution and domestic fuel combustion contributed to about 38% of SO2 pollution. Predicted 24-h concentrations were compared with measured concentrations at 11 ambient air monitoring stations and good agreement was noted between the two values. In-depth zone-wise analysis of the above indicates that for effective air quality management, industrial source emissions should be given highest priority, followed by vehicular and domestic sources in Jamshedpur region. 相似文献