关于异常降水预报的思考

洪水灾害是我国的一种主要自然灾害,其产生的原因是异常降水。因此,研究并准确确定异常降水无疑具有重要的意义。基于对洪水发生原因以及太阳黑子变化率与降水量关系的分析结果,初步提出了从某一地区能量以及能量连续变化的观点,来分析与降水有关的能量过程。从宏观一能量的角度,来考虑与降水有关的主要过程以及这些过程之间的定量关系,是一种值得探讨的方法。     

能源规划环境影响评价内容框架实践与探讨

规划环评是环评领域一个新方向。虽然环评法已经实施,但目前在实际执行过程中,对编制的规划如何按照规划环评导则组织规划环评以及对规划环评思路和内容框架尚没有具体的研究。从实践出发并结合环境与发展综合决策的角度,以浙江省2010年电力发展规划及2020年展望的能源类规划环评为案例,对能源类规划环评的内容框架作初步研究。     

车载环境γ能谱测量系统探测器设计及性能研究

车载环境γ能谱测量系统探测器是环境γ能谱测量技术领域研究热点.为提高探测效率,缩短测量时间,针对车载环境γ能谱测量系统设计了双Nal(T1)晶体探测器,并测试了探测器主要性能指标.研究表明,探测器能量分辨率为6.73％,计数稳定性优于4.2％,可识别238U、232Th、40K等核素,可清晰分辨152Eu各能量峰,温度...     

思茅市三家村农户庭园系统的能流和经济流研究

通过对三家村 6种农户庭园模式进行能流和经济流的系统研究 ,得出三家村 6种农户庭园系统的能量投入为 (98.4 8～ 174 .4 5 )× 10 10 J·hm-2 ,能量产出为 (10 1.6 6～ 15 8.5 2 )× 10 10 J·hm-2 ,能量产投比为(0 .88～ 1.4 1)∶1,并且以种植业为主的农户庭园 (模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ )的能量产投比高于以养殖业和副业为主的农户庭园系统 (模式Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ ) ;三家村 6种农户庭园模式的经济产投比为 (1.0 0～ 1.35 )∶1,其高低次序是Ⅵ >Ⅶ >Ⅰ >Ⅱ >Ⅴ >Ⅸ ,6种农户庭园模式的经济产出为 2 32 7.9～ 980 3.4元。因此 ,三家村农户庭园系统是一个能量和经济的高投入高产出的人工生态系统     

有机磷类杀螺增效剂在土壤中的吸附行为

通过测定16个有机磷类杀螺增效剂在安徽省宿县土壤中的有机硕吸附系数（Koc),研究了该类化合物的环境行为;并用碎片分子连接性指数（FMCIs)和线性溶剂化能参数（LSERs)结构描述符,与土壤有机碳吸附系数之间进行了定量结构-性质相关（QSPR）分析,所得到的两组预测方程,可用于该类化合物的生态风险评价。     

酸性条件下红壤表面Pb反应动力学的能量特征

用自行设计的动力学装置研究了酸性条件下Pb在红壤表面的反应动力学能量特征.结果表明,酸性条件下,Pb吸附分为快反应和慢反应.用一级动力学方程拟合的Pb最大吸附量,随酸度增加显著下降,随温度升高提前达到平衡.用扩散速率常数计算的活化能(△E*)随酸度的增加而增加,Pb扩散需克服的能障加大;△H值为正,温度升高可促进Pb的扩散;AS值均为负,说明吸附反应使体系有序度增加.原液pH为4.5和5.6时,流出液的pH急剧下降;pH3.8和3.3时流入液比流出液的pH高,是由于土壤的缓冲作用和土壤表面质子化;当溶液中H+超过一定数量后,反应初期的H+消耗是快反应过程.H+对矿物的溶蚀成为速率控制步骤.     

Cleaning the energy sources for water heating among Nanjing households: barriers and opportunities for solar and natural gas

Energy for water heating accounts for an increasing part in residential energy demand in China. An extensive survey was conducted to analyze the determinants of household energy choices for water heaters among residents in Nanjing, China. Two sets of variables were examined as potential influences： building features and household socio-economic characteristics. Results suggest that building features such as gas availability and building structures, and household characteristics such as household head＇s education degree and energy-conserving sense are crucial determinants in choosing natural gas as water heater energy. Installation permission for solar water heater, building stories, and residential location serve as determining factors in choosing solar water heaters. Based on these, barriers and opportunities are discussed for transitions toward cleaner water heating energies, and suggestions are given for local governments to promote cleaner energy replacement in China.     

Integrated energy view of wastewater treatment: A potential of electrochemical biodegradation

• Energy is needed to accelerate the biological wastewater treatment. • Electrical energy input in traditional technology is indirect and inefficient. • Direct injection of electricity can be a game changer to maximize energy efficiency. • Microbial electrochemical unit for decentralized wastewater treatment is proposed. It has been more than one century since the activated sludge process was invented. Despite its proven stability and reliability, the energy (especially the electrical energy) use in wastewater treatment should evolve to meet the increasingly urgent demand of energy efficiency. This paper discusses how the energy utilized in conventional biological wastewater treatment can be altered by switching the indirect energy input to a direct electricity injection, which is achieved by the electrode integration providing extra thermodynamic driving force to biodegradation. By using electrodes instead of oxygen as terminal electron acceptors, the electrical energy can be utilized more efficiently, and the key of direct use of electrical energy in biodegradation is the development of highly active electroactive biofilm and the increase of electron transfer between microbes and the electrode. Furthermore, the synergy of different microbial electrochemical units has additional benefit in energy and resource recovery, making wastewater treatment more sustainable.     

污水低氧脱氮机制及其应用研究进展

阐述了污水低氧脱氮的基本原理,即抑制或去除亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB),同时保留氨氧化菌(AOB),并保持其活性;探讨了污水低氧脱氮实现途径;详细介绍了几种典型的污水低氧脱氮工艺(短程硝化(SHARON)工艺、厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺、好氧反氨化(DEMON)工艺、低氧自养硝化反硝化(OLAND)工艺、甲烷营养型硝化反硝化工艺和亚硝酸盐型完全自养脱氮(CANNON)工艺)的应用研究进展;最后对污水低氧脱氮处理工艺的工程运用进行了展望.     

Energy,food, and land — The ecological traps of humankind

Humans’ superiority over all other organisms on earth rests on five main foundations: command of fire requiring fuel; controlled production of food and other biotic substances; utilization of metals and other non-living materials for construction and appliances; technically determined, urban-oriented living standard; economically and culturally regulated societal organization. The young discipline of ecology has revealed that the progress of civilization and technology attained, and being further pursued by humankind, and generally taken for granted and permanent, is leading into ecological traps. This metaphor circumscribes ecological situations where finite resources are being exhausted or rendered non-utilizable without a realistic prospect of restitution. Energy, food and land are the principal, closely interrelated traps; but the absolutely decisive resource in question is land whose increasing scarcity is totally underrated. Land is needed for fulfilling growing food demands, for producing renewable energy in the post-fossil and post-nuclear era, for maintaining other ecosystem services, for urban-industrial uses, transport, material extraction, refuse deposition, but also for leisure, recreation, and nature conservation. All these needs compete for land, food and non-food biomass production moreover for good soils that are scarcer than ever. We are preoccupied with fighting climate change and loss of biodiversity; but these are minor problems we could adapt to, albeit painfully, and their solution will fail if we are caught in the interrelated traps of energy, food, and land scarcity. Land and soils, finite and irreproducible resources, are the key issues we have to devote our work to, based on careful ecological information, planning and design for proper uses and purposes. The article concludes with a short reflection on economy and competition as general driving forces, and on the role and reputation of today’s ecology. Updated version of the keynote lecture presented at the EcoSummit 2007 in Beijing, China, May 24. The article is gratefully dedicated to the memory of my late colleague and friend Frank B. Golley.