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71.
D. L. Osmond R. W. Cannon J. A. Gale D. E. Line C. B. Knott K A. Phillips M. H. Thrner M. A. Foster D. E. Lehning S. W. Coffey J. Spooner 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(2):327-341
ABSTRACT: A significant portion of all pollutants entering surface waters (streams, lakes, estuaries, and wetlands) derives from non-point source (NPS) pollution and, in particular, agricultural activities. The first step in restoring a water resource is to focus on the primary water quality problem in the watershed. The most appropriate NPS control measures, which include best management practices (BMPs) and landscape features, such as wetlands and riparian areas, can then be selected and positioned to minimize or mitigate the identified pollutant(s). A computer-based decision sup. port and educational software system, WATERSHEDSS (WATER, Soil, and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System), has been developed to aid managers in defining their water quality problems and selecting appropriate NPS control measures. The three primary objectives of WATERSHEDSS are (1) to transfer water quality and land treatment information to watershed managers in order to assist them with appropriate land management/land treatment decisions; (2) to assess NPS pollution in a watershed based on user-supplied information and decisions; and (3) to evaluate, through geographical information systems-assisted modeling, the water quality effects of alternative land treatment scenarios. WATERSHEDSS is available on the World Wide Web (Web) at http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu . 相似文献
72.
S. W. Park S. Mostaghimi R. A. Cooke P W. McClellan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(6):1011-1023
ABSTRACT: To quantify the effectiveness of best management practice (BMP) implementation on runoff, sediment, and nutrient yields from a watershed, the Nomini Creek watershed and water quality monitoring project was initiated in 1985, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The changes in nonpoint source (NPS) loadings resulting from BMPs were evaluated by comparing selected parameters from data series obtained before, during, and after periods of BMP implementation. The results indicated that the watershed-averaged curve number, sediment, and nutrient (N and P) concentrations were reduced by approximately 5, 20, and 40 percent, respectively, due to BMP implementation. The nutrient yield model developed by Frere et al. (1980) was applied to the water quality parameters from 175 storms, but it failed to adequately describe the observed phenomena. Seasonal changes in nutrient availability factors were not consistent with field conditions, nor were they significantly different in the pm- and post-BMP periods. An extended period of monitoring, with intensive BMP implementation over a larger portion of the watershed, is required to identify BMP effectiveness. 相似文献
73.
The Thar Desert of western India is known for its rich and ancient culture system and traditions. The communities have long
been part of the Thar Desert ecosystem and have evolved specific strategies to live in harmony with its hostile environment.
This culture has provided several miracle plants of immense food and medicinal value to modern civilisation. The ancient rural
livelihood knowledge system reflects time-tested techno-scientific knowledge with a proven track record of sustainability,
especially during natural hazards like drought and famines. In addition, several of the traditional skills of local communities
in arts and crafts, music and instruments have made modern man aware of the art and techniques of sustainably utilising local
biological resources and preserving their biodiversity along with using waste products of the forests, without harming the
desert ecosystem. Traditional cultural and socio-religious values are fast dwindling under the impact of materialistic approach,
industrialisation and development. This paper endeavours to illustrate the need to assist and propagate indigenous rural livelihood
systems rather than mindlessly replace or abandon them as a result of state bureaucracies. 相似文献
74.
W. Chatupote A. Kamnalrut S. Pipithsangchan S. Choto 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,5(1-2):175-189
The over-use of agrochemicals may have adverse effects on soils along with surface and groundwater. An assessment of alternative
management practices to reduce the application of agrochemicals and minimise the pollution of water resources was carried
out in the vegetable agro-ecosystem in the Rattaphum Catchment. This paper details the factors that govern the volume of agrochemicals
used on high intensity crops in this area, covering the choice of crop and cropping patterns, level of pest and weed infestation
and the socio-economic status of farmers such as capital, size of holding and labour availability. Alternative management
practices tested included (i) a reduction in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers; (ii) the use of bio-insecticides
and bio-fertilisers; and (iii) the development of buffer zones near streams to reduce nutrient leaching into surface water
systems.
The results showed that when compared with bio-insecticides, synthetic insecticides were more effective in controlling major
insect pests during chaisim vegetable production and were associated with higher net incomes. The high rate of application
of chemical fertilisers in home gardens and commercial farms led to the accumulation of phosphorous and potassium in the top
soil, with the traditional method of combining organic and chemical fertilisers producing the highest total nitrogen soil
content. A fifty percent reduction in chemical fertilisers in the commercial farms produced the lowest total nitrogen soil
content, without any apparent change in crop yield.
The three types of tested buffers seem to be effective in reducing runoff and sediment load and were particularly efficient
in lowering nutrient leaching to streams; the best results were obtained with an effective length of 2.5 m. 相似文献
75.
G.O. Anoliefo O.S. Isikhuemhen N.R. Ochije 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(3):281-296
Cultural taboos and their sanctionshave helped to check abuse of the environmentat least among the local people. The disregardfor these traditional checks and balancesespecially among Christians has adverselyaffected their enforcement at this time. Theenvironment and culture preservation inAwka-South were investigated. The faithfulobservance of the traditional laws in the studyarea was attributed to the fact that Awka-Southarea had remained occupied by the same peoplefor centuries. The study showed that thepreserved forests and their shrines in Nibotown have largely remained intact. In Nisetown, however, with nine shrines still inexistence, the rules have relaxed a little,mainly because they embraced modernization. Inthis town, the fringes of the forests may beused for farming but no felling of trees wouldbe allowed. The ``god' of the shrine in Obunaguvillage was much revered until the advent ofChristianity. This religion has had an erodingeffect on the taboos, which were put in placeto protect their forests and streams. Theabandonment of traditional cultural practicesis doing harm that goes beyond the abrogationof traditional cultural practices to seriousthreat to natural environmental structures. Thecultures of the different tribes in Nigerianeed to be revisited for evaluation and studiesto enable their integration into modernpractices that will make the environment moresustainable. This will be more productive thanthe unilateral introduction of programs,execution, and maintenance methods that arecompletely new, or in many cases run contraryto the cultural practices of the local peopleand tribes of Nigeria. 相似文献
76.
Jen‐Yang Lin Cheng‐Daw Hsieh 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(2):401-412
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a concerted effort by the Taiwan Water Resources Bureau, the City of Taipei, and the Bureau of Fei‐tsui Reservoir Management to protect the water quality in the Fei‐tsui Reservoir.The reservoir is the major source of water supply for over two million people in the metropolitan area of Taipei. Over the years the reservoir has suffered from siltation and more recently eutrophication. The sources of the pollution are traced to the hundreds of tea gardens, rice fields and other agricultural areas in the watershed and to urban sources such as construction sites. Large amounts of nutrients enter the reservoir by way of storm water runoff during storm or typhoon events. Since 1999, various agencies have worked to initiate an effort to reduce nonpoint pollution in the Fei‐Tsui Reservoir watershed. Practices being considered include nonstructural measures such as nutrient management, and structural measures such as swales, detention basins, and wetlands, in addition to erosion and sediment control methods. A number of field tests have been completed on the performance of selected best management practices (BMPs). A strategy for implementing the BMPs at the watershed scale has been developed based on a total maximum daily load (TMDL) analysis that is reported in this paper. 相似文献
77.
Nurul Fadly Habidin Anis Fadzlin Mohd Zubir Nursyazwani Mohd Fuzi Nor Azrin Md Latip Mohamed Nor Azhari Azman 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2018,11(3):217-222
The purpose of this study is to examine the critical success factors of sustainable manufacturing practices (SMPs) in Malaysian automotive industry. The questionnaires were designed and distributed to the 50 respondents. The pilot study sample consists of 26 respondents from 50 questionnaires, with an average response rate of 52%. The results of reliability analysis show that social responsibility is critical factor influencing the direct SMPs implementation success. By implementing SMPs in Malaysian automotive industry, it can assist company to improve the quality of management. Thus, this study recommends that the future research explore the influence of SMPs on sustainable performance in Malaysian automotive industry. 相似文献
78.
Managing Manure from China’s Pigs and Poultry: The Influence of Ecological Rationality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We have investigated manure management practices at three farm scales in Chinese pig and poultry production. The concept of ecological rationality was employed to explore empirically how environmental concerns drive adoption of environmental-friendly manure management technologies at different farm scales. The more developed Rudong County in Jiangsu Province and the less developed Zhongjiang County in Sichuan Province were chosen as cases for study of 258 animal breeders. On the contrary to our hypothesis, medium-scale farmers were not always found to be laggards in adoption of manure management technologies. Government ecological rationality played a key role to induce environmental-friendly technology adoption on its own, but also in cooperation with ecologically rational individual or network drivers. Authorities no longer applied their efforts in a conventional command-and-control way, but more in the form of incentives, stimulation, and information to farmers. Individual farmers in general showed low environmental responsibility in relation to manure handling. 相似文献
79.
Andrea L. Welker James D. Barbis Patrick A. Jeffers 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(4):809-819
Welker, Andrea L., James D. Barbis, and Patrick A. Jeffers, 2012. A Side‐by‐Side Comparison of Pervious Concrete and Porous Asphalt. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 809‐819. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00654.x Abstract: This article compares the performance of two permeable pavements, pervious concrete and porous asphalt, that were installed side‐by‐side in fall 2007. Because the pavements are located directly adjacent to one another, they experience the same vehicle loads, precipitation, and pollution loads. These permeable pavements are part of an infiltration stormwater control measure (SCM). This article focuses on the comparison of water quality parameters, maintenance and durability, and user perception. Eleven different water quality parameters were analyzed at this site for 19 different storm events over a one year period: pH, conductivity, total suspended solids, chlorides, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total dissolved copper, total dissolved lead, total dissolved cadmium, total dissolved chromium, and total dissolved zinc. Results from the two pavement types were compared using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. The only parameter that was found to be statistically different between the two pavements was pH. Periodic inspection of the two pavement types indicated that after two years of use both pavements were wearing well. However, there was some evidence of clogging of both pavements and some evidence of surface wear. A survey of users of the lot indicated that the perception of these permeable pavements was favorable. 相似文献
80.
A Field-Based Evaluation of Wet Retention Ponds: How Effective Are Ponds at Water Quantity Control?1
Gregory S. Hancock Jonathan W. Holley Randolph M. Chambers 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(6):1145-1158
Hancock, Gregory S., Jonathan W. Holley, and Randolph M. Chambers, 2010. A Field-Based Evaluation of Wet Retention Ponds: How Effective Are Ponds at Water Quantity Control? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1145–1158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00481.x Abstract: Wet retention ponds are widely used structural stormwater best management practices (BMPs) with the primary goals of reducing peak flows and extending flow duration. Despite widespread use, few field-based studies have evaluated the success of wet retention ponds at meeting these goals. We determined pond elevation, flow rate, and pond volume over four years in five suburban watersheds in James City County, Virginia. We selected five ponds designed under regulations requiring a 24 hour inflow-to-outflow centroid lag time for a one year, 24 hour design storm. We used pressure transducers to measure pond water surface elevation at 5 min intervals, and calculated pond outflow and volume using rating curves obtained from site stormwater management plans (SWMPs). Peak inflows, peak outflows, and runoff ratios frequently exceeded SWMP calculations in measured events. Four ponds never achieved the required 24 hour inflow-to-outflow centroid lag for storms similar to the one year, 24 hour storm. These BMPs fail to achieve regulatory goals for channel protection because of regulatory loopholes, underprediction of rainfall intensity, unrealistic predictions of postdevelopment flows in SWMPs, and the inability of wet retention ponds to reduce overall runoff volume. While specific to one locality, the shortcomings highlighted suggest similar field-based assessments of retention pond performance are needed in other locations. 相似文献