Analysis and Case Study of Duststorms in the Beijing Area

Dust weather conditions with strong wind often occur in Beijing during spring. The number of duststorms in Beijing has declined since 1954. In the last two years, however, the number of duststorms in Beijing has increased drastically due to frequent cold air movements and the deteriorated ecological environment. The heaviest duststorm in the last decade in Beijing occurred on 6 April 2000. It was caused by the development of a high-level small trough along with strong northwest wind behind a large trough that moved eastward and developed a strong cold air system. A non-hydrostatic meso-scale numerical model (MM5) gave a good forecast to the duststorm's major features and movement. Simulated results showed that there was a strong vertical ascending motion with a strong positive vorticity center in mid and low level. The mesoscale structure's formation and development and movement were consistent with the passage and moving direction of the duststorm. At the same time, the trajectories of air particles during this duststorm event and another case (on 27 March 2000) were estimated and analyzed, which had the comparable results with the real situation and the trajectory monitored by meteorological satellite. The trajectories analysis could help us study the transport track and sand source to some extent.     

印染废水处理技术进展

从工程应用及研究探索2个方面综述了国内外印染废水治理现状和进展，特别是近年来出现的一些新技术。探讨了印染废水等难降解有机污染物处理的发展趋势。     

鄱阳湖出流水质2004~2014年变化及其对水位变化的响应:对水质监测频率的启示

通过对鄱阳湖湖口2004~2014年以周为单位的水质指标,包括溶解氧（DO）,氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）的变化特征及其与水位响应关系进行分析,并对合理的监测频率进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）就DO,NH₄⁺-N和COD_Mn而言,鄱阳湖出湖水质在2004~2014年没有显著恶化的趋势,然而在年内呈现明显的周期性变化,其浓度与湖泊水位波动有较显著的负相关性（p<0.01）,相关系数分别达到-0.63,-0.67和-0.36;（2）考虑水质指标在湖相状态与河相状态存在显著的差异（p<0.01）,概率密度分布曲线进一步表明,在鄱阳湖呈湖相时,湖口NH₄⁺-N浓度小于0.25 mg/L的概率为93%,而在河相时仅为32.8%。DO与COD_Mn浓度在河湖相的特征与NH₄⁺-N相似。因此,在湖相状态下,鄱阳湖出流水质良好的概率更大,而高水位下的稀释作用可能是影响湖泊年内变化的主要控制因素;（3）时间序列分析表明DO,NH₄⁺-N和COD_Mn存在明显的自相关性,1~2月一次的监测频率基本能够准确的描述NH₄⁺-N和DO的动态变化特征,而COD_Mn仍需要1~2周一次的监测,从而避免过多的损失动态信息。能够为将来更深入的研究湖泊水情与水质定量关系提供基础和思路,从而为湖泊水环境管理和调控提供对策和建议。     

恩施州气象站雾日变化趋势及原因分析

选取恩施州8个国家气象站1960~2015年地面气象观测资料,利用相关、线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验等方法对该地雾日变化趋势进行分析,并对雾日变化原因进行初步探寻。结果表明:2000~2015年恩施州各站雾日空间分布较1960~1999年发生了较大变化,SW-NE向带状大值中心被切断,出现了NW-SE向的雾日小值分布带;近56年除宣恩年雾日持续减少外,各站年雾日均在20世纪60、70年代突变后增多,20世纪末期减少并于2012年再次突变,州西南部最先增减、西北部其次、东部最慢,特别是近16年来年雾日显著减少,州北部站点(–40~–20 d·(10 a)~(–1))减少比南部(约–4 d·(10 a)~(–1))快;各站雾日变化和风速均呈负相关,和相对湿度均呈正相关,而气温和降水对不同站点雾日变化的影响则存在差异;近16年恩施州低山山地(恩施、来凤、宣恩、建始)雾日减少主要和气温升高、风速增加有关,中山山地(咸丰、利川)雾日减少主要与相对湿度减少有关。     

安徽省经济发展与生态环境耦合协调评价与趋势预测

本文遵循客观、科学、综合原则,运用熵值赋权法,对经济与生态环境系统进行了评价;采用动态耦合模型及剪刀差分析方法对经济发展与生态环境系统耦合协调状况进行了考察;借助Excel 2003软件,通过作散点图,比较拟合优度分析方法,对两者的协调前景进行了预测。结果表明:①经济发展与生态环境系统综合指数分别由2005年的0.2934、0.4198跃升至2015年的0.6236、0.4198,经济发展系统升幅明显高于生态环境系统。②2005—2015年,经济发展与生态环境系统动态耦合度均值为-6.95°,整体处于由低级协调向协调演进状态,而两者间演化速度夹角由2005年的18.56°扩展至2015年的82.4°。③若按既有惯性发展模式,2020年经济发展与生态环境系统耦合度将达155.74°,预期处于极限发展状态。基于研究结果,本文提出了相应的应对策略,可为新常态下安徽省制定经济与生态文明融动发展政策提供决策参考。     

Simulation and Trend Analysis of the Water Quality Monitoring Daily Data in Nestos River Delta. Contribution to the Sustainable Management and Results for the Years 2000–2002

The transboundary River Nestos in the Balkan Peninsula is a surface water resource shared by Hellas and Bulgaria. The Public Power Corporation of Hellas (DEH) proceeded to the dams' construction of Thesaurus in 1997 and Platanovrissi in 2000, to satisfy the increased needs for power production and irrigation in the Regions of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in the Hellenic Territory. DEH following the Ministerial Agreement of the Hellenic Parliament ‘`KYA 18492/19—09—1996’' funded a series of Research Projects concerned on the monitoring of the water quantity and quality data of Nestos from the Hellenic-Bulgarian borders to its estuaries in the Thracian sea. ‘`PERSEAS’' Research Group from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, carried out the research, design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance of the ‘`R.E.MO.S.’' (Remote Environmental MOnitoring System) networks. Three REMOS networks have been installed in the areas of (a) the River Nestos deltaic channel, (b) Thesaurus dam-lake in the intramountainous valley and (c) Potamoi (Despat) and Pagoneri (Nestos) villages close to the borders between Hellas and Bulgaria. They record water level (H), water and air temperature (T), water conductivity (ECw), Redox potential (RP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) on a 24h basis, since the beginning of the year 2000. The research carried out in this paper, is focused on the REMOS station in the final course of Nestos in the deltaic area. The continuous monitoring and the data analysis yield useful results for the quality and quantity of the hydrologic regime of Nestos after the dams' construction, as well as for the trends detected of the quality parameters (ECw, RP and DO) and the water level, using the nonparametric Spearman's criterion. The best fitted model of time trend, for each variable, was chosen. The statistical sample of each one of the quality variables consisted of about 1000 values based on daily measures on a three years monitoring program (1/1/2000—31/12/2002). Further research and analysis for the other network stations of REMOS should provide useful results for the sustainable management of the transboundary River Nestos.     

Temporal and Spatial Variation of Nutrient Levels in the Nemunas River (Lithuania and Belarus)

There are discordant results on trends in nutrient river water quality from the economical transition countries in Europe. The present study assessed the impact of these economical changes on the load and concentration at 17 monitoring stations along the Nemunas River and its major tributaries (Lithuania and Belarus). Three time periods were evaluated: the Soviet rule command system period 1986–1991, the transfer to market economy period 1992–1996 and the post reform period 1997–2002. The most surprising result in this study, was the increased area-specific load of NO₃-N from the first to the third period at almost all the sampling sites. The increase was particularly large (43–78%) at the sites in the Lithuanian part of the river. The corresponding load increase in the Belarussian part of the river was only 1–15%. The statistical analyses of concentration data confirm the strong upward NO₃-N trend at the Nemunas mouth and at 5 of the 6 tributaries in the lower part of Nemunas. Temporal and spatial analysis of nitrates transport in the Nemunas River and its main tributaries revealed that nitrates mainly originate from agricultural areas. The upward trends were most likely an effect of ploughing of pastures and unbalanced crop fertilisation in combination with large storage and accumulation of soil-nitrogen during the Soviet period.On contrary to nitrate-N, the area-specific load of PO₄-P decreased significantly from the first to the third period at all sites along the Nemunas River (31–86%). Seasonal (SMK) and Partial (PMK) Mann-Kendall tests on PO₄-P concentrations also showed significant downward trend at 14 of 16 investigated sites. The decrease of PO₄-P levels was attributed to the reduction of municipal and industrial point source emissions and to the decreased livestock numbers.The NH₄-N load showed the same pattern as PO₄-P. At the river mouth the load was 90 kg km⁻² yr⁻¹ during the first period compared to only 20–30 kg km⁻² yr⁻¹ in the third period. The trend test on NH₄-N concentrations detected significant downward trends at 5 out of 16 sites. The declines were explained by decreased emissions from cities and large animal breeding farms.This study showed that trend analysis at multiple sites in a river basin is crucial for the understanding of the variability in time and space. Such analysis is also important for our interpretation of underlying sources and fluxes in a drainage basin over time. This is particularly important for compounds that have different source origin.     

我国生活垃圾的处理现状及发展趋势

生活垃圾是人类面临的一个普遍性问题,关系着人口、资源、环境是否能协调发展.介绍了城市生活垃圾的处理现状和存在问题,从各角度分析了各种方法的优缺点,介绍每种方法的最新进展.最后指出应根据本地区不同的地理环境、垃圾成分及经济发展水平采用不同的垃圾处理模式.     

我国工业SO2排放趋势及影响因素分析

分析了我国工业SO2排放量的变化趋势,以及其与GDP、工业产值、火电厂发电量等指标的变化关系;利用50个省市1998—2007年的有关数据建立了SO2排放量的影响因素面板数据模型,力求通过定量分析识别影响我国工业SO2排放量的关键因素。研究表明,我国工业SO2排放量与第二产业比重、火力发电比重并无明显关系,而GDP、发电量、一次能源转化效率、SO2去除率存在显著关系,对SO2工业实际排放量起决定作用的是SO2的去除率。     

云南干旱的气候特征及变化趋势研究

以Thornthwaite水分平衡干燥度指数为主和自定义的反映短期降水有效性和异常性特征的有效降水指数为辅构建单站干旱综合指数,并定义了定量描述云南省受旱程度的干旱面积指数和干旱强度指数。采用变率和变差系数作为长期气候特征的定量指标,用云南省1959-2005年的资料,分1-3月、4-6月上旬、6-8月、9-10月、11-12月5个时段对云南省的干旱气候特征及变化趋势进行定量分析研究。结果表明：云南1-3月干旱最严重,平均每年有约2/3的土地受旱;其次是11-12月,有约50%的土地受旱;再次是4-6月上旬,有22%的土地受旱;9-10月干旱较轻,有约5%的土地受旱;6-8月平均受旱面积不到1%,基本不受干旱的影响。云南4-6月上旬和9-10月这两个时段干旱有发展加重的气候变化趋势,且9-10月加重的趋势更明显;1-3月干旱有减轻的趋势;11-12月和6-8月干旱变化趋势不明显。