Use of SWAT to Estimate Spatial Scaling of Phosphorus Export Coefficients and Load Reductions Due to Agricultural BMPS

Phosphorus export coefficients (kg/ha/yr) from selected land covers, also called phosphorus yields, tend to get smaller as contributing areas get larger because some of the phosphorus mobilized on local fields gets trapped during transport to regional watershed outlets. Phosphorus traps include floodplains, wetlands, and lakes, which can then become impaired by eutrophication. The Sunrise River watershed in east central Minnesota, United States, has numerous lakes impaired by excess phosphorus. The Sunrise is tributary to the St. Croix River, whose much larger watershed is terminated by Lake St. Croix, also impaired by excess phosphorus. To support management of these impairments at both local and regional scales, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model of the Sunrise watershed was constructed to estimate load reductions due to selected best management practices (BMPs) and to determine how phosphorus export coefficients scaled with contributing area. In this study, agricultural BMPs, including vegetated filter strips, grassed waterways, and reduction of soil‐phosphorus concentrations reduced phosphorus loads by 4‐20%, with similar percentage reductions at field and watershed spatial scales. Phosphorus export coefficients from cropland in rotation with corn, soybeans, and alfalfa decreased as a negative power function of contributing area, from an average of 2.12 kg/ha/yr at the upland field scale (~0.6 km²) to 0.63 kg/ha/yr at the major river basin scale (20,000 km²). Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Simulation of Daily Flow Pathways,Tile‐Drain Nitrate Concentrations,and Soil‐Nitrogen Dynamics Using SWAT

Tile drainage significantly alters flow and nutrient pathways and reliable simulation at this scale is needed for effective planning of nutrient reduction strategies. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been widely utilized for prediction of flow and nutrient loads, but few applications have evaluated the model's ability to simulate pathway‐specific flow components or nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) concentrations in tile‐drained watersheds at the daily time step. The objectives of this study were to develop and calibrate SWAT models for small, tile‐drained watersheds, evaluate model performance for simulation of flow components and NO₃‐N concentration at daily intervals, and evaluate simulated soil‐nitrogen dynamics. Model evaluation revealed that it is possible to meet accepted performance criteria for simulation of monthly total flow, subsurface flow (SSF), and NO₃‐N loads while obtaining daily surface runoff (SURQ), SSF, and NO₃‐N concentrations that are not satisfactory. This limits model utility for simulating best management practices (BMPs) and compliance with water quality standards. Although SWAT simulates the soil N‐cycle and most predicted fluxes were within ranges reported in agronomic studies, improvements to algorithms for soil‐N processes are needed. Variability in N fluxes is extreme and better parameterization and constraint, through use of more detailed agronomic data, would also improve NO₃‐N simulation in SWAT. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

面向区域管理的非点源污染负荷估算——以浙江省嵊州市为例

非点源污染对环境造成的影响正逐渐引起重视,高效识别其空间分布是解决非点源污染的首要问题.长三角地区的自然条件和发展强度决定了其具有较高的农业非点源污染风险.本文以浙江省嵊州市为案例区,基于改进的输出系数模型估算非点源污染负荷,在"地块-行政区划-流域分区"不同尺度上分析总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）的空间分布特征.主要结论如下：①地块尺度,TN高值区主要分布于山地丘陵大面积集中的林地和平原区输出系数最高的养殖地块,TP高值区也集中于养殖地块;②行政区划尺度,非点源污染负荷前五的情况为,TN负荷：崇仁镇>长乐镇>甘霖镇>三界镇>黄泽镇,TP负荷：崇仁镇>甘霖镇>三界镇>长乐镇>黄泽镇;③流域分区尺度,TN负荷高值区以长乐江下游和曹娥江干流最为集中,TP负荷高值区分布在长乐江下游.     

三峡库区大宁河流域非点源污染输出风险分析

在国内外相关研究的基础上,利用随机模拟法,结合GIS技术,对三峡库区大宁河流域非点源污染输出风险进行评估,并探讨不同土地利用/覆盖变化对流域非点源污染输出风险的影响.结果表明,大宁河流域非点源污染输出风险的概率较小,氮素1980年和2000年的输出风险平均值为24.5%和24.4%,磷素1980年和2000年的输出风险...     

云南省出口经济应对绿色壁垒的环保对策

加入WTO后，我们出口产品在关税、许可证、配额等方面的壁垒已逐渐被打破，而以绿色壁垒为代表的非关税壁垒门槛却日益增高，云南省已经在黄磷、茶叶等工农业产品出口上因此而付出代价。应尽快开展出口型产口环境标准的研究与制订，积极推行合格评定制度，大力推行清洁生产，以应对绿色壁垒的挑战。     

China-Indian Silk Trade: Current Production and Future Prospects

Abstract

As an important traditional labor-intensive industry of both India and China, the cocoon silk industry has long made great contributions to the ecological environment protection, rural economic development and the increase in export income of both countries. India is not only a very important cocoon silk trading partner, but an important production competitor of China. In recent years, there has been a large increase in the production and trade of the cocoon silk between China and India; however, China relies heavily on Indian market, which leads to a tendency of further deterioration in the silk trade environment between both countries. The present article makes an empirical study of the cocoon silk resources of the two countries and the scale, product mix and market structure of China–Indian silk trade from 2001 to 2007. Overall silk trading volumes from China to India and market concentration rate are on the increase because of the superiority of Chinese cocoon silk production over that of India. Owing to scattered market share and export that mainly focused on raw materials product, there has been a phenomenon of price reduction and quantity increase. India carries out fierce competition with China in the international market and even imposes antidumping sanction on Chinese silk, which are key factors restricting further increase between China–India trade. Based on the abovementioned facts, the authors aim to put forward suggestions for steadily developing the production and trade of China’s silk.