环境价值与企业竞争力的经济学分析及对策初探

环境问题已成为全世界关注的焦点，企业作为一个国家经济发展的支柱同时也是环境污染的主要制造者，理应承担起环境保护的责任。但许多企业担心环境工作会提高企业的经营成本，降低企业的价值。本文以“公地的悲哀”为理论支持，以美国制造业环境情理与企业价值的相关性分析为依据，分析了企业环境管理的成本和效益，指出环境保护是企业经营的一个永恒的主题，并为我国企业环境管理提出有益的启示。     

环境行政执法难的理性分析与实践对策

环境行政执法难是非常态法律现象。从哲学的高度对环境行政执法难进行理性分析，环境行政执法难是多因素群共创的结果。对环境行政执法难的内外因进行解构，分清主次，着重解决影响环境执法难的主因，并适当关注影响环境执法难的助因，同时基于应然立场提出解决问题的实践进路。     

水体富营养化防治述评

介绍了水体富营养化的演化过程及国内外治理现状,根据水体富营养化的评价方法,通过消减外源与消除内源相结合的技术措施治理富营养化,然后运用生物控制的生态恢复方法调节水体的生态平衡.对此提出了防治富营养化要运用人文理念和实施数字化监测与管理的可持续发展策略.     

External cost internalisation of urban transport: a case study of Dublin

Transport users do not currently pay all costs associated with their transport activities and in particular do not pay the costs they impose on the environment. Case studies on Dublin, Amsterdam, Brussels and London have been conducted to evaluate how best to meet the requirement of the European Commission in its fair and efficient pricing aims in the transport sector, i.e. where transport users are made to pay all costs they impose. The paper presents the results of Do Nothing (DN) and Do Something (DS) scenarios for 2005 where in the latter case each transport user pays for all costs they impose including pollution, noise, accidents etc. The Dublin results, from an economics model used in the study, are examined in detail; the findings are compared with those of parallel studies conducted in the other cities to demonstrate the international relevance of this work. The comparison between the DN and DS scenarios indicates that taxes on all transport modes should be increased substantially, particularly in the morning and evening peak periods. As a result of the price increases, travel demand is reduced. A practical example where transport users could be made to pay for all their costs is road use pricing, i.e. charging individuals for the use of road space. The taxation levels suggested in the DS scenario have been used in a road use pricing trial in Dublin, the results of which were published in O'Mahony, Geraghty and Humphreys (Transportation 27, 269-283, 2000), to see if the reductions in the travel requirements of individuals proposed by the economics model are in fact true. The principles of the work presented in this paper are not only relevant to environmental impact management in the transport sector but can also be applied to other sectors.     

企业外用工安全管理探讨

企业用工制度改革后,外用工越来越多,给企业安全管理带来了许多新的问题。叙述了对外用工安全管理中存在的问题,提出了改进措施。     

前置反硝化工艺外碳源投加串级控制策略研究

反硝化反应需要以有机碳源为电子受体.由于污水厂的进水负荷时刻在变化,当进水碳氮比较低时,需要外投加碳源.为了有效地控制外碳源投加量,提出了由两个PI控制器组成的外碳源投加串级控制策略,可以控制出水硝酸氮浓度以及缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度.由Matlab/Simulink模拟表明,该控制器具有良好的动态品质、抗冲击负荷强,可快速响应进水负荷的变化,能在降低出水硝酸氮和总氮浓度的同时,大大降低外碳源投量.     

Accounting for enforcement costs in the spatial allocation of marine zones

Marine fish stocks are in many cases extracted above sustainable levels, but they may be protected through restricted‐use zoning systems. The effectiveness of these systems typically depends on support from coastal fishing communities. High management costs including those of enforcement may, however, deter fishers from supporting marine management. We incorporated enforcement costs into a spatial optimization model that identified how conservation targets can be met while maximizing fishers’ revenue. Our model identified the optimal allocation of the study area among different zones: no‐take, territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs), or open access. The analysis demonstrated that enforcing no‐take and TURF zones incurs a cost, but results in higher species abundance by preventing poaching and overfishing. We analyzed how different enforcement scenarios affected fishers’ revenue. Fisher revenue was approximately 50% higher when territorial user rights were enforced than when they were not. The model preferentially allocated area to the enforced‐TURF zone over other zones, demonstrating that the financial benefits of enforcement (derived from higher species abundance) exceeded the costs. These findings were robust to increases in enforcement costs but sensitive to changes in species’ market price. We also found that revenue under the existing zoning regime in the study area was 13–30% lower than under an optimal solution. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for both the benefits and costs of enforcement in marine conservation, particularly when incurred by fishers. Justificación de los Costos de Aplicación en la Asignación Espacial de Zonas Marinas     

浅议环境监测部门的外来文件管理工作

针对环境监测部门外来文件管理中普遍存在的问题,提出了加强外来文件管理的措施,为环境监测质量体系的持续有效运行提供有力保障。     

大气O3浓度升高对2种基因型矮菜豆丛枝菌根(AM)结构及球囊霉素蛋白产生的影响

以臭氧敏感性不同的2种基因型(O3敏感型:S156;O3耐受型:R123)矮菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)为宿主植物,在模拟的大气臭氧浓度升高环境中研究臭氧胁迫对2种基因型植物的AM结构和球囊霉素蛋白产生的影响,旨在了解大气臭氧浓度升高对AM真菌生长和AM结构形成的影响.结果表明,与自然大气臭氧水平(20 nL.L-1)相比,臭氧浓度升高(70nL.L-1)显著降低了S156和R123植物的菌根侵染率,特别是S156植物,下降了43.6%.臭氧浓度升高明显影响了2种基因型植物的AM结构组成,表现在根室和菌丝室外生菌丝量、单位根长丛枝数的大幅下降,以及根室和菌丝室孢子数的显著增加,特别是S156植物变化更为明显;但2种基因型植物的单位根长泡囊数随臭氧浓度变化不显著.臭氧浓度升高对2种基因型植物的菌根际和菌丝际总球囊霉素蛋白量影响不显著,但导致菌根际和菌丝际的易提取球囊霉素蛋白量大幅增加;不过2种基因型植物间差异不显著.本研究表明,大气臭氧浓度升高显著影响植物菌根侵染率、AM结构形成和易提取球囊霉素蛋白的产生,特别是对臭氧敏感型植物影响更大.     

污泥热水解滤液作污水反硝化碳源的脱氮性能

以污泥热水解滤液作为外加碳源,通过对SBR反应器脱氮效果、碳氮平衡及活性污泥EPS的分析,探究了污泥热水解滤液的脱氮性能,并与传统碳源乙酸钠进行了比较.结果表明,污泥热水解滤液和乙酸钠作为碳源可将出水TN从27.64mg/L分别降至12.05mg/L和7.98mg/L,说明两种碳源的投加均能强化反硝化过程;通过碳氮平衡分析可以看出,未加入碳源时污水TN去除率只有47.83%,加入热水解滤液后污水的TN去除率达到了81.30%,且滤液增加的氮负荷远远小于滤液作为外加碳源去除污水中TN的量;加入热水解滤液和乙酸钠时,活性污泥的EPS均有增加,但乙酸钠为碳源时的EPS含量更高,而EPS的增加引起了污泥SVI的增大.