甘肃黄土高原各级降水和极端降水时空分布特征

利用甘肃黄土高原地区1960－2011年12个及周边4个站点的逐日降水观测资料,用阈值检测方法计算出甘肃黄土高原地区极端降水的阈值并运用气候线性趋势、多项式拟合、反距离加权法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波、R／S方法分析了近52a甘肃黄土高原各级雨量和R95极端降水的时空变化特征及对未来进行预测。结果表明：①近52a来甘肃黄土高原春季以小雨为主,夏、秋季以暴雨为主,冬季以大雪为主,R95极端降水主要集中在夏季;②春、秋季主要以大雨降水强度最强,夏季暴雨降水强度最强,冬季则为大雪;R95极端降水强度夏季降水强度最强。③小雪呈显著增加,微雨、中雨、大雨、微雪、R95极端降水量均呈显著减少;④微雨量、小雨量、中雨量、大雨量、R95极端降水量与年降水总量有很好的相关性,对年降水总量有很好的响应;⑤在空间分布上,各量级降水和R95极端降水大部分存在减小趋势,减小区主要集中在西南部和东北部;⑥各量级降水和R95极端降水突变年份不尽相同;⑦各量级降水和R95极端降水在不同的时间序列存在长短不同的周期震荡;⑧R／S分析表明不同量级降水和R95极端降水的未来变化趋势和过去一致。     

基于RF-ELM模型的边坡稳定性预测研究

为实现对边坡稳定性的有效预测,将极限学习机算法与旋转森林算法相结合,并依据影响边坡稳定性的六项重要因素,建立了边坡稳定性预测的RF-ELM预测模型。该模型是以极限学习机算法为基分类器,以旋转森林算法为框架的集成学习模型,利用UCI数据库中三组数据集验证了该集成模型确实提高了ELM的预测性能。将RF-ELM模型应用于边坡稳定性的预测问题中,结合39组工程实例数据进行预测实验,结果表明该模型具有较高的预测精度,可有效的对边坡稳定性进行预测。     

基于归一化差值植被指数的极端干旱气象对西南地区生态系统影响遥感分析

以年际同期归一化差值植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)作为评价指标,分析极端干旱气象对西南地区生态系统影响的时空分布特征,提出旱灾可能造成的生态影响及应采取的管理和科研措施. 结果表明:2009年8月—2010年3月,西南地区的生态系统受极端干旱天气影响显著,威胁程度呈上升趋势;贵州、广西和云南三省(自治区)受干旱影响的生态系统面积先后超过各省份生态系统总面积的80%,生态系统强度变差区集中在云南的中东部、贵州西南部和广西西北部等地区;农田生态系统受损严重,农作物大面积枯死或绝收;大量水库、池塘干涸,河流水位明显下降,部分河流断流,危及水生生物生存;自然植被影响明显,植被生长明显受到抑制,干热河谷地带和岩溶地形区域植被大面积退化,威胁当地生物多样性.      

Ranked set sample design for environmental investigations

Ranked set sampling can provide an efficient basis for estimating parameters of environmental variables, particularly when sampling costs are intrinsically high. Various ranked set estimators are considered for the population mean and contrasted in terms of their efficiencies and useful- ness, with special concern for sample design considerations. Specifically, we consider the effects of the form of the underlying random variable, optimisation of efficiency and how to allocate sampling effort for best effect (e.g. one large sample or several smaller ones of the same total size). The various prospects are explored for two important positively skew random variables (lognormal and extreme value) and explicit results are given for these cases. Whilst it turns out that the best approach is to use the largest possible single sample and the optimal ranked set best linear estimator (ranked set BLUE), we find some interesting qualitatively different conclusions for the two skew distributions     

汉江流域1960~2014年降雨极值时空变化特征

深入研究降雨极值的时空变化规律和特点,有助于提高应对极端灾害的能力。通过构建PDS/GP模型,并引入降雨极值变化指标,结合统计检验分析汉江流域15个气象站点1960~2014年春、夏、秋季以及全年月降雨超定量系列的年际变化特征;利用复杂网络理论的聚类系数和节点度,结合各站点在典型年份春、夏和秋季的降雨极值变化指标,分析月降雨极值的空间分布特征。分析结果表明：从时间上看,汉江流域月降雨极值年际变化的季节性差异较大,近55 a没有明显的一致性变化趋势。受季风气候影响,夏季的月降雨极值年际变化与春、秋季相反,而秋季的变异指标年际波动最大。从空间上看,受季风气候、下垫面条件和人类活动等多种因素的综合作用,中下游月降雨极值变化的差异性要高于上游。随着相关阈值的增大,流域站网总体关联度有所降低。相同阈值下的结果表明空间上相邻的站点其关联性差异较大,部分相距较远的站点具有更大的关联性,分析结果可为降雨极值的空间插值提供参考。     

The evolving local social contract for managing climate and disaster risk in Vietnam

How do disasters shape local government legitimacy in relation to managing climate‐ and disaster‐related risks? This paper looks at how local authorities in Central Vietnam perceive their social contract for risk reduction, including the partial merging of responsibilities for disaster risk management with new plans for and investments in climate change adaptation and broader socioeconomic development. The findings indicate that extreme floods and storms constitute critical junctures that stimulate genuine institutional change. Local officials are proud of their strengthened role in disaster response and they are eager to boost investment in infrastructure. They have struggled to reinforce their legitimacy among their constituents, but given the shifting roles of the state, private sector, and civil society, and the undiminished emphasis on high‐risk development models, their responsibilities for responding to emerging climate change scenarios are increasingly nebulous. The past basis for legitimacy is no longer valid, but tomorrow's social contract is not yet defined.     

冬小麦旱灾风险评价的指标体系构建及应用——基于2009年北方春旱野外实地考察的认识

2009年2月初,我国北方冬麦区遭受了数十年未遇的严重干旱。基于野外实地考察,判断本次干旱对冬小麦造成的实际影响比气象统计与遥感监测结果要轻,同时因纬度、地貌类型、微地貌和田间管理水平的不同而呈现出明显的区域差异。在此基础上,提出应在已有的旱灾致灾指标（气象干旱）基础上,综合考虑地带性、地貌、水库等孕灾环境指标和田间管理水平等灾害适应指标来构建冬小麦旱灾风险的综合评价指标体系。并以北方冬麦区为例,选取SPI、地貌类型、DEM和水库缓冲区等指标得到的旱灾综合风险等级与实际旱情存在较高的吻合性。研究可为高风险区的冬小麦旱灾风险防范提供理论依据和案例支撑。     

Transaction costs and agri-environmental policy measures: are preferences influencing policy implementation?

This paper investigates whether the level of transaction costs of a Swedish agri-environmental policy measure is attributable to technical factors or whether political factors, such as lobby groups and political majorities at the county level, influence the costs. A previous study indicated that political factors may influence the level of transaction costs, but the extreme bounds analysis performed in this paper reveals that those results are fragile. It shows that three of the technical variables are robust with respect to model specifications but that none of the political variables are. Thus, no evidence can be found that political factors influence the level of transaction costs.     

Effects of the 2008 flood on economic performance and food security in Yemen: a simulation analysis

Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts can have devastating consequences for individual well being and economic development, in particular in poor societies with limited availability of coping mechanisms. Combining a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Yemeni economy with a household‐level calorie consumption simulation model, this paper assesses the economy‐wide, agricultural and food security effects of the 2008 tropical storm and flash flood that hit the Hadramout and Al‐Mahrah governorates. The estimation results suggest that agricultural value added, farm household incomes and rural food security deteriorated long term in the flood‐affected areas. Due to economic spillover effects, significant income losses and increases in food insecurity also occurred in areas that were unaffected by flooding. This finding suggests that while most relief efforts are typically concentrated in directly affected areas, future efforts should also consider surrounding areas and indirectly affected people.     

三江源地区极端气候事件演变事实及其成因探究

利用三江源地区14个气象台站1962-2005年逐日气温、降水资料分析了该地区冷暖干湿极端气候事件的演变规律，探讨了其变化成因。研究表明：近44a来三江源地区气温等级由冷向暖转变，极端高温事件频繁发生，而极端低温事件则逐年减少，致使气温不断向着更高的均值状态持续增暖；尽管降水量干湿变化不甚显著，但降水的极端状况即严重干旱或暴雨事件均呈减少趋势，降水量的变化趋于稳定，降水变率减小；地形对极端气温、降水事件频次变幅的空间分布均有着较为显著的影响，且对后者的影响更为显著；高原季风、厄尔尼诺事件及高原积雪等因子的年际振荡是三江源地区极端气候事件发生频次波动的主要原因。