雅安市天保和退耕工程的生态效益评价

天然林保护、退耕还林还草工程是人类生存哲学的革新,其目的在于改善人类生存环境,达到人与环境的协调统一,促进经济社会可持续发展。探讨了森林在改善生态环境方面的作用,以截止2005年底雅安市天保和退耕工程取得的成绩为基础,估算了增加森林在涵养水源、保护土壤、吸收CO2和释放O2、净化空气、娱乐与旅游方面今后每年将产生的生态效益为112.56亿元,表明了实施两大工程后的巨大生态效益。     

不同尺度的区域城镇土地基准地价平衡研究

区域基准地价平衡是区域城镇基准地价评估的重要内容，对地价管理具有重要的现实意义。分析了不同尺度基准地价平衡的内涵、实质及不同尺度平衡的机理，运用多种方法从宏观尺度的城镇间基准地价平衡、中观尺度的土地级别之间基准地价平衡、微观尺度地块间的区片价平衡进行了研究。以广西县级市——桂平市为例，对桂平市所辖的28个城镇基准地价平衡进行了实例研究，为区域城镇基准地价平衡提供了实用的模式与方法，为培育、发展城镇土地市场奠定了基础。     

基于GM(1,1)的芜湖市人均农用地生态足迹变化研究

应用Wackernagel等提出的生态足迹方法,对芜湖市1996—2005年的人均农用地生态足迹、人均农用地生态承载力和生态赤字进行了计算;利用灰色系统预测模型建立了芜湖市人均生态足迹、生态承载力预测模型GM(1,1),经求解、检验、预测,可得到今后数年该市人均农用地生态足迹、生态承载力数据,并对灰色系统模型应用于生态足迹的预测作了可行性分析。结果显示,未来5年该区域的人均农用地生态足迹呈逐渐增大、人均农用地生态承载力呈逐渐下降的趋势,人均生态赤字也逐渐增大。     

土地使用权挂牌出让中底价的评估

如何科学评估国有土地使用权挂牌底价，是国有土地使用权以挂牌方式出让工作中极为重要的环节。通过分析挂牌出让底价评估特点、地价内涵，探讨挂牌出让底价的评估方法，指出挂牌出让底价评估宜重点选用市场比较法和假设开发法两种评估方法，明确了市场比较法和假设开发法评估国有土地使用权挂牌出让底价的实施步骤和参数选取标准。     

CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES AMONG MARYLAND WATER SUPPLY MANAGERS1

ABSTRACT: In addition to offsetting water supply shortages, water conservation is recognized as serving many purposes, ranging from reduced energy consumption to lower capital costs. Since the discussion of these benefits has been a recent development and has generally excluded local water supply managers, a question arises as to whether supply managers are implementing conservation programs to exploit these benefits. A survey of the managers at 35 Maryland water utilities provides insight into the prevailing attitude toward conservation in a water rich eastern state. The results indicate that most managers continue to view conservation only as a short term response to temporary supply shortages. Only 12 Maryland utilities have undertaken any form of water conservation activity and just two systems have ongoing, comprehensive conservation programs. Institutional, perceptual, economic, political, and time constraints all contribute to the managers’attitudes and general inaction. If water conservation is to be widely practiced, these issues must be addressed and the benefits attributed to conservation must be better documented and articulated to supply managers.     

THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WATER REALLOCATIONS ON AGRICULTURE IN IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Economics is concerned with the allocation of resources between alternative uses. Traditionally, in the western United States, water resources have been committed to agriculture and irrigation. Other competitive uses such as power, industry, and recreation are challenging this allocation. What are the impacts of shifting water out of agriculture into other uses, is a question that needs to be given consideration. Ilia paper attempts to evaluate the tradeoff between using farm land for either irrigated or dryland production and the resulting impacts on gross farm income and the average price of land. Baaed on historical data, reducing irrigated acreage and increasing dryland acreage could greatly reduce both farm income and the equity in farming. The model presented in this paper should be useful for evaluating the tradeoffs between dryland and irrigated land use, especially when there are gat differences in productivity such as those that exist in the inter-mountain region of the Western United States.     

Charging versus exclusion: Choice between recreation management tools

Overuse of recreation sites seems to justify regulation, and the principal tools for this are fee charging or physical exclusion. Both seem equally costly to administer. Both involve equal costs to consumers if recreationists visit from one origin, but if they come from different origins, costs may be greater and consumers' surplus less under either tool, depending on the shape of the demand curve. Which is the more equitable tool depends on the relative representation of rich and poor participants from near and distant origins. Potentially beneficial use of site revenues is an advantage of charging. Neither availability of substitutes nor variation in daily demand seems likely to change these results substantially, but a system of booking admissions before the trip outset might neutralize the advantages of charging. The optimal level of use varies with the regulatory tool chosen. The optimal admissions under exclusion could be fewer than or more than under charging, or may even be equal to unregulated use.     

A MONTHLY TIME SERIES MODEL OF MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND1

A multivariate time series model is formulated to study monthly variations in municipal water demand. The left hand side variable in the multivariate regression model is municipal water demand (gallons per connection per day) and the right hand side contains (explanatory) variables which include price (constant dollars), average temperature, total precipitation, and percentage of daylight hours. The application of the regression model to Salt Lake City Water Department data produced a high multiple correlation coefficient and F-statistic. The regression coefficients for the right hand side variables all have the appropriate sign. In an ex post forecast, the model accurately predicts monthly variations in municipal water demand. The proposed monthly multivariate model is not only found useful for forecasting water demand, but also useful for predicting and studying the impact of nonstructural management decisions such as the effect of price changes, peak load pricing methods, and other water conservation programs.     

近30 a贵州遵义县农田土壤有机碳动态及影响因素分析

论文选择贵州省遵义县为典型样区,使用1980 年代第二次土壤普查数据和2011 年实测数据,以耕地土壤图为基础,运用土壤类型法和通用有机碳密度度量法,测算样区近30 a农田土壤有机碳（SOC）储量和密度变化特征,借助逐步回归分析法,识别影响这一变化的潜在驱动因素,结果表明：①样区近30 a 农田总丢碳量2.94×10⁴ t,整体呈基本持平略带下降趋势;②样区近30 a农田单位面积碳变化量为-132.03 kg C·hm^-2,年均变化速率-4.40 kg C·hm^-2·a^-1,固碳、丢碳和相对平衡面积比为49.45: 32.96: 17.59;③不同土壤类型间不管是SOC储量还是土壤有机碳密度（SOCD）均差异显著,丢碳幅度最大的是山地黄棕壤,达77.34%,固碳幅度最大的是紫色土,是1980 年代的1.1 倍;④空间分布上,总体展现为以娄山山脉为界的西北丢碳东南固碳态势;⑤SOCD_1980s、机械组成（砂粒比、粘粒比、粉粒比）、全N密度、C/N 等指标是影响样区近30 a 间农田SOC变化的主要因素,且除SOCD_1980s外,剩余5 因素与SOCD年均变化速率间拥有正相关关系。研究有助于查明样区近30 a 农田SOC变化的本底和潜在影响因素,为未来农田SOC的管理提供数据基础。     

家具行业挥发性有机物治理成本及排污权交易价格估算

佛山市顺德区工业VOCs污染问题突出,以中小企业为主的家具行业排放是第二大来源(17%),因此,顺德区率先在广东省开展了家具行业VOCs排污权交易试点工作.本文以区内木质家具行业为例,研究了排污权交易定价方法,得到VOCs平均污染治理成本(5363.26元·t~(-1)·a~(-1))并将其作为排污权交易的初始价格,之后运用多级模糊综合评价法计算的地区调整系数(γ=1.47)进行修正,得到最终参考交易价格(7883.99元·t~(-1)·a~(-1)).该价格与2016年交易底价(8000元·t~(-1)·a~(-1))偏差较小(1.45%).本文还开发了内置核心算法的挥发性有机物排污权交易辅助定价工具,综合利用数据库中企业基本信息、挥发性有机物排放数据等,为排污权交易定价提供辅助决策服务.