Public Nutrition from an Approach to a Discipline: Concern's Nutrition Case Studies in Complex Emergencies

The Public Nutrition approach, like that of Public Health, is context specific. It places an emphasis on populations rather than individuals and is inter-disciplinary in nature. Both approaches seek to understand the complex aetiology of a clinical outcome such as malnutrition within the widest possible framework. Public Nutrition uses the UNICEF conceptual framework and adapts and expands it. The authors of this article argue – through the examination of a number of case studies taken from the work of Concern Worldwide (hereafter referred to as Concern) in southern Sudan, Rwanda, Angola, Tanzania and DRC – that there are two critical constituents of the Public Nutrition approach. These are: a contextual analysis (including the use of surveillance information for programme design and advocacy) and community involvement at all stages of the project cycle. Some of the key obstacles to the adoption of the Public Nutrition approach are identified by illustrating two practical programme settings. For the Public Nutrition approach to be more widely used, the authors recommend a number of key strategies including the further dissemination of case studies and the clarification of the scope and boundaries of the approach. These strategies will enable Public Nutrition to evolve both as a practical programme framework as well as an academic discipline.     

Relationships between pikas (Ochotona, mammalia) and vegetation in Tuva

The burrowing and trophic activities of four pika (Ochotona) species proved to be reflected in the horizontal structure of the biogeocenotic cover. Zoophytochores ofOchotona daurica andO. pallasi pricei burrows correspond to previously described ameboid zoophytochores. Burrows of pikas provide for the growth of pea shrubs (Caragana bungei, C leucophloea), with the formation of specific plant groups under their crowns and on rubble dug out by pikas. In ecosystems of placers, zoophytochores are formed owing to the presence of pika food stores and lavatories, which are the main substrate for vascular plants first appearing among the stones. General ecological (and successional) series characterizing the overgrowing of placers is as follows: (1) separate spots of vegetation with poor floristic composition at the sites of pika food stores (stacklets); (2) groups of spots and simplest complexes; and (3) complex plant communities of pika colonies. Food stores of pikas in Tuva were analyzed.     

溶解氧对活性污泥合成可生物降解塑料—PHB的影响

聚-β-羟基丁酸酯（polyhydroxybutyrate,PHB）是一种可完全生物降解和具有良好生物相容性的高分子材料,许多情况下可作为传统塑料的替代品。以活性污泥微生物作为PHB合成菌,研究了动态底物投加方式下,溶解氧对污泥贮存PHB过程的影响。结果表明,PHB的贮存过程相当程度上取决于氧的提供。溶解氧浓度的提高明显加快了底物乙酸的吸收,进而导致更大比例的乙酸被活性污泥贮存为PHB。试验中,溶解氧浓度由饱和浓度的10%提高到70%,PHB的产率由0.36 C mmol/C mmol 提高到0.56 C mmol/C mmol,PHB的胞内含量也由26%提高到37%。试验证明溶解氧是控制活性污泥合成PHB工艺的重要因素。     

Selective feeding programmes in Ethiopia and East Sudan–1985/1986

A survey of thirty-four feeding programmes in Ethiopia and East Sudan was undertaken. Wie differences were found between the two countries and also within Ethiopia. Irrelugar general ration distribution was commonplace in Ethiopia, thus placing an extra strain on selective feeding programmes. The principal admission criteria to Selected Feeding Programmes (SFPs) were weight for height categories. The cut-off stages of the emergency. Useful compasirions between programmes were hampered by such differences, as well as by the different methods of reporting data.
The types of food usd in programmes depended on availability and included high energyu drinks, poridges, take-home pre-mixes and sometimes indigenous foods. A large number of foods e.g. cornedbedef, chicken paté, noodles, da4tes etc. Some added interesting variety and added nutritional value to the diet, while others caused more problems than they solved due to their low acceptability, inappropriate packaging, limited accompanying information and complex an costly preparation. The imlementation of food dination policies by donors and consignees regarding appropriate foodstuffs and their recommended use was considered to be the major solution to this problem.     

我国南疆荒漠喀什-和田地区的畜牧业特点与发展战略

作者在对该地区进行实地考察的基础上,研究了位于新疆南部荒漠最西部两个地区的自然环境和经济条件后,指出该地区畜牧业的 4个基本特点,概括了该地区畜牧业与生态环境以及牧业生产条件之间的关系。地处内陆,极端干旱,周围高山环绕,绿洲经济与绿洲农业发达,对该地区畜牧业的现状与发展有深刻影响。从而作者提出了该地区发展畜牧业的方向与战略。指出今后应以发展集约化的平原绿洲畜牧业为主体。改革饲养方式,加强饲料生产,提高畜群生产水平,近期商品性生产的发展要与自给性生产的发展相结合。使我国这一特殊类型地区的畜牧业得以顺利发展。     

华山松松茎象幼虫的危害及其防治研究

华山松松茎象是南岳景区松树上新发现的一种重要害虫,该虫严重危害华山松和黑松.本文介绍了其幼虫的取食危害特点及防治方法.该虫幼虫取食华山松和黑松的韧皮部,同时取食新鲜的松脂,越冬后的幼虫仅靠取食新鲜松脂就能正常发育,并化蛹、羽化.单株虫口数量与松树树干基部直径呈明显正相关,即树干基部直径在10.0~20.0 cm 、20.1~25.0 cm 、25.1~35.0 cm之间的松树,平均单株有虫数量分别为1.0头株-1、1.98头株-1和3.30头.株-1.在5~10月间,采用人工清除幼虫的方法可有效地控制该虫的危害,采用化学药剂防治该虫效果不明显.     

进水模式对强化脱氮好氧颗粒污泥培养的影响

针对不同进水模式对好氧颗粒污泥培养及强化脱氮效果的影响尚无统一定论的问题,系统比较研究了快速进水直接曝气、快速进水厌氧搅拌和厌氧推流慢速进水3种模式对好氧颗粒污泥形成特性及脱氮效果的影响.研究发现,快速进水直接曝气模式所形成颗粒污泥表面易生长丝状菌,颗粒粒径可达2.0mm以上,但易解体;快速进水厌氧搅拌模式可形成粒径多为1.5~2.0mm的好氧颗粒污泥,TN去除率达到80%,优于前种模式,但未能避免颗粒解体;厌氧推流慢速进水可获得粒径多为1.0~1.5mm的颗粒污泥,常规负荷下出水COD浓度约10~15mg/L,TN浓度小于1mg/L,TN去除率达90%,满足地表Ⅲ类水标准.系统比较证实,厌氧推流慢速进水方式是实现强化脱氮好氧颗粒污泥培养的最佳模式.     

A comparison of process performance during the anaerobic mono- and co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste through different operational modes

The use of consecutive feeding was applied to investigate the response of the microbial biomass to a second addition of substrates in terms of biodegradation using batch tests as a promising alternative to predict the behavior of the process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of the slaughterhouse waste (SB) and its co-digestion with manure (M), various crops (VC), and municipal solid waste were evaluated. The results were then correlated to previous findings obtained by the authors for similar mixtures in batch and semi-continuous operation modes. AD of the SB failed showing total inhibition after a second feeding. Co-digestion of the SB + M showed a significant improvement for all of the response variables investigated after the second feeding, while co-digestion of the SB + VC resulted in a decline in all of these response variables. Similar patterns were previously detected, during both the batch and the semi-continuous modes.     

酸雨和降尘对菜青虫生长和取食行为的影响

通过室内模拟试验探讨了酸雨、降尖及其复合污染对菜青虫生长发育和取食行为的影响。结果表明，直接处理对菜青虫有明显的抑制作用，而间接处理则有促进作用。试验发现，在受污染的植物体内有糖分与蛋白质积累现象，这是造成虫害加重的主要原因之一。     

Conservation Genetics of Potentially Endangered Mutualisms: Reduced Levels of Genetic Variation in Specialist versus Generalist Bees

Abstract:  Oligolectic bees collect pollen from one or a few closely related species of plants, whereas polylectic bees visit a variety of flowers for pollen. Because of their more restricted range of host plants, it maybe expected that specialists exist in smaller, more isolated populations, with lower effective population sizes than generalists. Consequently, we hypothesized that oligolectic bees have reduced levels of genetic variation relative to related polylectic species. To test this hypothesis, we used five phylogenetically independent pairs of species in which one member was oligolectic and the other was polylectic. We assayed genetic variation in our species pairs at an average of 32 allozyme loci. Within each species pair, the oligolectic member had fewer polymorphic loci, lower average allelic richness, and lower average expected heterozygosity than its polylectic relative. Averaged over all species pairs, this corresponds to a 21% reduction in allelic richness, a 72% reduction in the proportion of polymorphic loci, and an 83% reduction in expected heterozygosity in specialists compared with generalists. Our data support the hypothesis of reduced effective population size in oligolectic bees and suggest that they may be more prone to extinction as a result. We suggest that in instances in which bee specialists are involved in mutually codependent relationships with their floral hosts, these mutualisms may be endangered for genetic and ecological reasons.