Paternal care in the European starling,Sturnus vulgaris: nestling provisioning

The extent to which male birds in polygynous species with biparental care assist in nestling feeding often varies considerably between nests of different mating status. Both how much polygynous males assist and how they divide their effort between nests may have a profound effect on the evolution of mating systems. In this study we investigated how males in the facultatively polygynous European starling Sturnus vulgaris invested in their different nests. The amount of male assistance affected the quality of the offspring. Polygynous males invested as much as monogamous males, but divided their effort asymmetrically between nests, predominantly feeding nestlings of first-mated (primary) females. Although females partly compensated for loss of male assistance, total feeding frequency was lower at primary females’ nests than at monogamous females nests. Secondary females received even less assistance with nestling rearing, and the extent to which males assisted decreased with the length of the interval between the hatching of the primary and secondary clutches. These results are contrasted with those from a Belgian populations of starlings with a much more protracted breeding season and thus greater opportunities for males to attract additional mates during the nestling rearing period. The results show that both the “defence of male parental investment model” and the “asynchronous settlement model” have explanatory power, but that their validity depends on the potential length of the breeding season. Received: 21 July 1995/Accepted after revision: 13 July 1996     

A spatially explicit estimate of the prewhaling abundance of the endangered North Atlantic right whale

The North Atlantic right whale (NARW) (Eubalaena glacialis) is one of the world's most threatened whales. It came close to extinction after nearly a millennium of exploitation and currently persists as a population of only approximately 500 individuals. Setting appropriate conservation targets for this species requires an understanding of its historical population size, as a baseline for measuring levels of depletion and progress toward recovery. This is made difficult by the scarcity of records over this species’ long whaling history. We sought to estimate the preexploitation population size of the North Atlantic right whale and understand how this species was distributed across its range. We used a spatially explicit data set on historical catches of North Pacific right whales (NPRWs) (Eubalaena japonica) to model the relationship between right whale relative density and the environment during the summer feeding season. Assuming the 2 right whale species select similar environments, we projected this model to the North Atlantic to predict how the relative abundance of NARWs varied across their range. We calibrated these relative abundances with estimates of the NPRW total prewhaling population size to obtain high and low estimates for the overall NARW population size prior to exploitation. The model predicted 9,075–21,328 right whales in the North Atlantic. The current NARW population is thus <6% of the historical North Atlantic carrying capacity and has enormous potential for recovery. According to the model, in June–September NARWs concentrated in 2 main feeding areas: east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and in the Norwegian Sea. These 2 areas may become important in the future as feeding grounds and may already be used more regularly by this endangered species than is thought.     

环境司法专门化视阈下环境法庭之检视与完善

随着环境问题日益凸显,我国积极推进环境司法专门化进程,从最高人民法院到基层人民法院初步形成了具有中国特色的环境法庭体系。这一体系由环境保护审判庭、环境保护合议庭、环境保护巡回法庭以及为数不多的基层环境保护派出法庭构成。目前的环境法庭主要采用"三加一"模式、"三合一"模式、"二合一"模式以及单一模式等四种审理方式,在缓解环境案件审判压力、公正审理环境案件、推进环境公益诉讼、提高环境司法水平等方面发挥了一定的作用。但同时亦应注意到,现有的环境法庭存在诸多问题:基层人民法院缺少法定权限,中级以上人民法院缺少设立环境法庭的程序性依据,致使法律依据不足;缺乏合理的机构建制,级别管辖和地域管辖制度不甚科学;受案范围有限和受害者起诉意愿不足,致使案源不足;特别程序缺失,监测评估机构缺乏中立性,审判人员专业性不强,致使支持保障机制不健全。为此,应从如下几个方面完善我国的环境法庭:首先,为环境法庭建设提供明确的法律依据,规范环境法庭的设立、职责定位及基本权限等事项,将环境法庭建设全面纳入法制轨道;其次,健全环境法庭体系,着重健全环境法庭审级设置,同时完善地域管辖;再次,改进审判模式,健全"多审合一"程序;再次,拓宽案件来源,合理确定环境公益诉讼的起诉主体,扩大受案范围,完善鼓励起诉机制;最后,完善支持保障机制,针对一审程序设立专业陪审员,针对二审程序设立专家委员会。     

污水处理场氮磷投加系统的技术改造

分析了茂名乙烯污水处理场氮磷投加系统存在的问题，介绍了实践中解决问题的方法和取得的成效。     

Analysis of rodent populations in technogenically transformed areas (with reference to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apodemus</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">S.</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">uralensis</Emphasis> from the EURT zone)

It is shown that the response of rodent populations to acute and chronic irradiation depends on its functional structure, i.e., on specific features of animals with two alternative types of ontogenetic development. Upon acute irradiation, sexually immature young of the year (animals with the second type of ontogeny) are most radioresistant. Exposure to chronic irradiation, as in the zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT), leads to an increase in the proportion of mature young of the year (animals with the first type of ontogeny), which are the most radiosensitive part of the population. The abundance and fecundity of mice in the impact zone are consistently higher than in the background zone, which improves the adaptive potential of the population. The role of species ecological specialization and configuration of the contaminated zone in the formation of migrant rodent population is emphasized. It is concluded that a high migration activity allows the pigmy wood mouse (a radiosensitive species) to avoid long-term radiation exposure.     

集约化畜禽养殖对环境的污染及防治研究

治理集约化畜禽养殖废弃物污染,开展废弃物的资源化利用,是解决中国畜牧业环境污染问题的主要路径。文章详述了中国畜禽养殖业污染问题的产生及对环境可能造成的影响,分析了畜禽废弃物处理措施与资源化利用的主要方式及其效果和存在的问题,并提出了控制畜禽粪污染物的对策和环境管理建议,将有助于推动中国畜禽养殖业的可持续发展,改善农业生态环境及农村人居环境。     

The effects of larval experience with a complex plant latex on subsequent feeding and oviposition by the cabbage looper moth: Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Summary. Leaf disc choice and oviposition bioassays were used to examine the effects of larval experience with a Hoodia gordonii latex on subsequent behaviors. The latex deterred feeding and oviposition by “naïve” cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni, Noctuidae) larvae and moths with no previous exposure to the material. “Experienced” insects, reared on a diet with the H. gordonii latex (1000 ppm), exhibited lesser feeding deterrence relative to naïve insects. Experienced female moths actually preferred to lay eggs on treated rather than control leaves. There was no observed transfer of behavioral preferences from experienced parents to their offspring. Our results suggest that moths may be acquiring oviposition preferences from larval feeding experience as described by Hopkins’ host selection principal (HHSP) or through chemical legacy.     

参数选取对畜禽养殖业大气氨排放的影响:以长三角地区为例

氨对于大气细颗粒物中二次无机盐的生成具有十分重要的作用,近年来引起了国内外学者的高度关注.相对准确地定量氨排放对于深入研究二次气溶胶的理化过程、实现较好的数值模拟性能,以及开展氨排放精细化管控具有极为重要的科学意义和现实意义.已有研究表明,农业源是大气氨的主要排放源,其中,畜禽养殖业的氨排放占比最大.已有针对畜禽养殖业氨排放的研究大多采用排放系数法建立氨排放清单,然而,不同参数的选取会对研究结果造成较大差异.本文从活动水平和排放系数选取上做出了多种假设,构建了8种情景,以2017年为基准年,分别计算了长三角地区畜禽养殖业大气氨排放.结果表明,选取不同的活动水平对清单估算结果的影响最大,选取出栏量计算的结果较选取存栏量高出27.6%～34.1%.选取更细致的月均温的计算结果高出以年均温结果0.3～0.4万t.此外,清单的时空分布特征也与该两项参数密切相关,以存栏量进行估算的结果中,舟山地区排放强度最低,淮南市最高;以出栏量进行估算的结果中,丽水排放强度最低,南京最高.以月均温度估算情景中将获得更准确的月排放廓线,全年中5～9月排放量最高,冬季(12、 1和2月)排放量最小.     

干湿交替对福寿螺摄食和生长的影响

福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）被世界自然保护联盟列入世界100种恶性外来入侵物种黑名单,在我国南方已对水稻生产造成严重危害。为了探索通过水分调控来防治福寿螺的方法,本研究模拟福寿螺野外生存条件,探讨不同干湿交替条件下福寿螺摄食和生长的情况,来分析干旱胁迫对其体重增长率(Weight growth rate,WGR)、摄食率（Feeding rate,FR）、食物转化率(Food conversion ratio,FCR)、特定生长率（Specific growth rate,SGR）等的影响。结果表明：福寿螺在干湿交替条件下,其WGR、FR、FCR、SGR均受到明显抑制,甚至出现负值的情况;福寿螺的壳高随着有水时长的延长而增加,出现干旱时间越长,壳高增长越缓慢的现象;福寿螺在短时期干湿交替条件下发生部分补偿生长现象,这种补偿生长效应可能主要是通过饥饿后摄食水平提高而实现的,但超出一定限度时则不能补偿生长。根据上述结果,可以认为福寿螺在缺水条件下无法正常生长,且影响程度随着干旱时间的增加而增大。此外,福寿螺普遍会在旱后复水180min内钻出土壤,因此,可利用此时机防治福寿螺,及时避免其损伤水生作物。本研究结果可为稻田福寿螺的综合防治和水资源利用管理提供理论参考。     

浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及水质响应

为探明浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及其与水体综合营养状态指数(TLIc)的关系,达到用浮游动物食性功能群参数监测水源地水库水质的目的,于2014年1月—2018年10月对浙江省8座饮用水水源地水库(K1～K8)开展了水质参数及浮游动物食性功能群丰度、生物量、物种多样性指数季节性调查.采用多元逐步回归与通径分析...