Characterization of bacterial community dynamics in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant

Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial communities in drinking water systems is vital to securing the microbial safety of drinking water. The objective of this study was to comprehensively characterize the dynamics of microbial biomass and bacterial communities at each step of a full-scale drinking water treatment plant in Beijing, China. Both bulk water and biofilm samples on granular activated carbon (GAC) were collected over 9 months. The proportion of cultivable cells decreased during the treatment processes, and this proportion was higher in warm season than cool season, suggesting that treatment processes and water temperature probably had considerable impact on the R2A cultivability of total bacteria. 16s rRNA gene based 454 pyrosequencing analysis of the bacterial community revealed that Proteobacteria predominated in all samples. The GAC biofilm harbored a distinct population with a much higher relative abundance of Acidobacteria than water samples. Principle coordinate analysis and one-way analysis of similarity indicated that the dynamics of the microbial communities in bulk water and biofilm samples were better explained by the treatment processes rather than by sampling time, and distinctive changes of the microbial communities in water occurred after GAC filtration. Furthermore, 20 distinct OTUs contributing most to the dissimilarity among samples of different sampling locations and 6 persistent OTUs present in the entire treatment process flow were identified. Overall, our findings demonstrate the significant effects that treatment processes have on the microbial biomass and community fluctuation and provide implications for further targeted investigation on particular bacteria populations.     

长江三角洲潮滩重金属污染研究现状与趋势

近些年由于工业与生活废水不合理排放,导致了长江三角洲潮滩面临严重的重金属污染问题,对长江口生态环境造成威胁。为此,本文在广泛收集前人研究结果的基础上,从重金属在潮滩沉积物的沿岸分布和垂岸分布、重金属的粒度效应、长江泥沙重金属吸附、以及潮滩动植物重金属含量和生态效应等方面总结了其分布规律和富集特征,并从三峡建坝和长江口水文地貌等角度,对今后长江口潮滩重金属污染研究方向提出了一些建议。     

基于实时交通数据的南京市主次干道机动车排放特征分析

通过2014年RFID实时数据得到南京市主干道和次干道车流量、车速、车队构成等交通信息,基于COPERT模型获取排放因子数据,利用高时空分辨率机动车排放(HTSVE)清单系统计算道路机动车排放量.运用非参数检验和道路聚类分析,结合Arc GIS技术,分析南京市主次干道机动车排放特征.结果表明,2014年南京市主次干道机动车以小型客车为主,比例均达80%,国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ车量总数超过90%,其中以国Ⅲ车排放贡献率最大.特殊时段(低谷时段、平峰时段、高峰时段)机动车日均排放量受道路类型和周末效应共同影响,南京市主次干道以排放分担率变化规律可分为5类,同类道路具有相似的变化特征且受空间地理位置影响.基于聚类结果,对不同类型道路的小时排放特征进行分析,以期为交通环境管理提供技术手段和决策依据.     

联苯胺对鲫鱼肝线粒体DNA(mtDNA)作用的研究

采用平板电泳的方法,研究等浓度连续喂养的鲫鱼肝线粒体DNA的表达条带差异特征.结果表明:该实验中的鲫鱼mtDNA拥有两个EcoR Ⅰ的酶切位点;随着联苯胺作用时间的延长,mtDNA双链断裂呈三个依次递进的状态;线粒体DNA的断裂总是从低分子量链向高分子量链的断裂转移.     

日本净化槽技术在农村生活污水处理中的应用

引进日本净化槽技术在中国浙江农村污水处理中应用,探索净化槽技术在浙江农村地区的推广应用前景。膜式净化槽污水处理系统应用先进的浸没式平板膜组件,采用MBR工艺,实现对污水中有机物、氮和磷营养盐类的有效去除。正常工况条件下,监测结果表明,处理系统对COD、BOD5、氨氮、总磷和悬浮物的平均去除率分别为83.64%、84.46%、97.94%、94.13%和93.95%。膜式净化槽系统处理出水水质好且稳定,可直接回用,适宜对水质要求较高和经济条件较好的地区选用。今后在中国农村推广应用净化槽,需加强维护管理制度建设。     

压实膨润土的土水特性试验研究

回填材料是高放废物地质处置库多重屏障系统的重要组成部分,以蒙脱石为主要成分的膨润土是较理想的回填材料,研究膨润土的非饱和渗透特性,对于回填材料选材和处置库安全性评价具有重要意义。文章通过室内试验开展柯尔碱膨润土的土水特性研究,用压力膜仪实测不同干密度柯尔碱膨润土的土水特征曲线,根据柔性壁渗透仪测得的饱和导水率数据,采用Van Genuchten(1980)预测模型分别计算得到每种干密度膨润土在不同含水量及基质吸力条件下的非饱和导水率,建立了非饱和导水率与含水量、基质吸力的相关关系,对比分析干密度对曲线的影响。结果表明,干密度对柯尔碱膨润土的土水特征曲线有着明显的影响,在初始含水量相同的情况下,干密度较大的膨润土脱水速率比干密度较小的膨润土脱水速率慢,表现出较高的持水性能。柯尔碱膨润土的非饱和导水率随含水量减小和基质吸力增大皆呈非线性降低,干密度越小,非饱和导水率越大。