黄土丘陵沟壑区生态风险时空动态及其风险分区—以陕西省米脂县为例

目前,黄土丘陵沟壑区等生态脆弱区生态风险评估已成为地理学与生态学应对生态系统管理的研究热点之一。以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为研究区,构建“风险概率—敏感性—损失度”（PSI）的三维评价框架,并以子流域为评价单元进行数据整合,分析了米脂县2009-2015年准则层与综合生态风险的时空分异及其重心转移,并基于风险主导因子给出米脂县风险防范分区及降险对策。结果如下：（1）2009-2015年风险概率分别为49.93%、52.92%,有上升趋势;生境敏感性分别为0.61、0.60,下降了1.6%,生境质量趋好;损失度分别为0.42、0.46,损失度增加。（2）生态风险呈现中间高南北低的空间分布;研究期间生态风险值分别为0.14、0.15,风险有所升高;风险重心向西南转移跃入银州川道且风险演化主体方向为西北—东南走向。（3）风险预警区、生态恢复区、预警恢复兼顾区、自然调控区面积占比分别为7.53%、6.57%、23.86%、62.04%。基于风险主导因子的风险防范分区可有效进行风险消解,促进区域生境的可持续。     

沙层水分小尺度地域分异特征 —— 以沙坡头沙区为例

水分是沙漠地区生态环境的限制因子,研究沙漠沙层水分分布规律对在沙区种植人工植物进行固沙有显著指导意义。通过对沙坡头沙区两个典型流动沙丘不同坡向、不同部位以及两个洼地进行采样,研究该区水分平衡与小尺度水分分异特征与规律,结果表明：（1）流动大沙丘顶部沙层水分含量一般在1.00%以下,中部水分含量一般在1.00%—2.00%,底部水分含量一般在2.00%—3.00%,均以薄膜水形式存在。洼地沙层2.0—3.0 m左右深度有饱和重力水甚至地下水出现。（2）流动大沙丘的迎风坡沙层水分高于背风坡,沙丘水分含量均是底部最高,中部次之,顶部最低。（3）沙坡头区沙层水分属于快速入渗型水分正平衡,洼地或平坦地段是大气降水向下入渗的主要渠道。     

菌藻复合体系氮代谢性能及菌群特征

为了城市尾水深度脱氮,控制地表水体富营养化,利用分子生物学等方法,分别对脱氮复合菌群和藻菌共生系统的氮代谢性能进行研究.结果表明,氮代谢复合菌群具有较高氨化和反硝化性能.JZ组对城市尾水中氨氮的去除效果最好,降解率高达95%以上,在实验室模拟污水中JZ组系统总氮去除效果优于J组.高通量测序显示,J组主要优势菌群及占比分别为：厚壁菌门44.53%,变形菌门43.41%,放线菌门5.37%,类杆菌门3.04%,绿弯菌门1.35%;JZ组丰度主要优势菌群和占比分别为：蓝藻门33.89%,绿弯菌门25.34%,变形菌门19.38%,厚壁菌门10.02%,酸杆菌门4.20%;各优势物种在J组和JZ组比例不同,厚壁菌门分别为82%和18%,变形菌门为69%和31%,蓝藻门为1%和99%,绿弯菌门为5.1%和95%,放线菌门分别为73%和27%.表明JZ组在城市尾水中去除氨氮效果较好,J组氮代谢菌群随着微球藻加入和生长,JZ组氮代谢菌群构成随之发生变化,以适应优势藻类形成的环境,与微球藻构成新的菌藻氮代谢体系.研究结果为藻菌共代谢体系应用提供了理论和数据基础.     

Anthropogenic Transformation of Flora in the City of Astrakhan and Its Environs over the Past 100 Years

Trends in the anthropogenic transformation of flora in the city of Astrakhan and its environs over the past 100 years are discussed. In general, the process of flora synanthropization is observed, with natural aboriginal plant communities being replaced by anthropogenically altered communities.     

Floristic contamination of suburban forests near the city of Ivanovo

In the course of floristic studies in suburban forests near the city of Ivanovo, 206 species of vascular plants have been recorded, including 39 invasive species (18.9%). Information on specific features of distribution and activity of introduced species growing feral and accidental weeds in different forest types is presented. The most aggressive species are distinguished. Factors responsible for the invasion of alien species to forest cenoses and main tendencies in their dynamics are discussed.     

Structure and Differentiation of Spruce Populations in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia

The structures and differentiation patterns of the Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Siberian spruce (P. obovata) populations have been studied in a wide area, including the transition zone of their continuous geographic range. The areas occupied by transitional populations have been detected. Series of distinct populations of the Norway and Siberian spruces are located to the west and east of them, respectively.     

Evidence for sexy sons in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

The sexy son hypothesis suggests that females obtain future fitness benefits from mating with polygynous males through the inheritance by their sons of traits contributing to mating success. We tested this hypothesis in the facultatively polygynous European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in two ways. We first compared sons of monogynous and polygynous free-living males for their abilities in nest site acquisition and female-directed behaviors in controlled aviary tests. We then investigated eggs laid in monogynous and polygynous matings for concentrations of maternal steroid hormones that could affect behavioral differentiation of sons. Sons of polygynous fathers defended more nest boxes and produced more courtship song than sons of monogynous fathers. Mean concentrations of maternal androstenedione (A4), 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), and 17-estradiol (E) in yolks were not affected by mating status. However, the within-clutch pattern of A₄ depended on mating status, with higher concentrations in last than in first eggs of clutches of monogynous but not polygynous matings. These results suggest that (1) sons may inherit from their fathers behavioral qualities for the successful acquisition of nest sites and attraction of mates; (2) differential exposure to maternal steroid hormones during development in the egg is unlikely the cause of the behavioral differences between adult sons of monogynous and polygynous fathers; and (3) females adjust the within-clutch pattern of androgen to mating status, possibly in response to the expected contribution of their mate to nestling care.     

Gradient Genogeographic Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L. Populations in Europe

Gradients of Nei's genetic distances between 15 samples of Pinus sylvestris L. trees were analyzed along three submeridional transects, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Transcaucasia. As a result, distinct chorogenetic differentiation was revealed between the populations of this species growing in climatically specific regions of northern and southern Europe. Considerable Nei's distances (DN = 0.045–0.056) and their gradients, combined with differences in stable phenotypic characters (the composition of monoterpenes and morphological parameters of cones) determined at the Pyrenean and Caucasian mountain borders, suggest that the P. sylvestris species structure includes two South Eurasian subspecies, the Pyrenean P. sylvestris L., ssp. iberica Svoboda and the Transcaucasian P. sylvestris L., ssp. hamata (Stev.) Fomin.     

稻田土菌群驯化对稻秆两步发酵产甲烷效果的影响

为提高稻秆的降解率及其厌氧发酵甲烷产量,采用高氨氮畜禽废水作为氮源以驯化稻田土壤微生物,优化其降解稻秆的初始pH值,并评估水解产物液体发酵产甲烷性能.结果表明,混合组驯化的微生物产纤维素酶活性及对稻秆木质素的降解率高于其它组及先前文献报道,分别达到4.01 IU和51.96%,且后期水解液中总有机碳（Total organic carbon, TOC）及还原糖含量最高.随着初始pH值的提高,稻秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率显著增加,稻秆水解液中的挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile fatty acids, VFAs）和TOC含量均显著增加,并在第7 d达到最高值.将水解稻秆7 d的水解液进行厌氧发酵显示,在初始pH=9.0条件下累积甲烷产量达到最大,为37.60 mL·mL^-1水解液.本实验结果表明, 驯化的稻田土微生物在碱性条件下可以更有效地降解稻秆,提高水解液中TOC及VFAs含量,从而提高厌氧发酵的甲烷产量.     

天津市土壤元素背景值的地域差异及成因分析

论述了天津土壤中Cu,Pb等13种微量元素背景值在行政区，土壤类型中的差异规律，并分析了引起元素背景值地域差异的原因。