中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究

本项研究工作直接应用“国家资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究”项目和“中国资源环境数据库”取得的最新数据和资料,研究并提出了土地利用程度综合指数计算方法和指标体系,在此基础上,全面分析了影响中国土地利用程度变化的自然环境因素和社会因素,分析了中国土地利用程度的区域分异规律,提出了中国土地利用程度的“极地”模式,并建立了中国土地利用程度的经度、高程模型。     

植物区系学中特有现象的研究进展(Ⅰ)--概念、类型、起源及其研究意义

植物区系学中的特有现象是其研究的重点内容，对特有现象的概念、类型、起源及其研究意义作了详细的论述；其次，总结了中国植物区系的基本情况、生活型、分布区学、水平分布、垂直分布与起源等研究成果；第三，介绍了研究特有现象的形态-地理学方法、细胞地理学方法和等位酶分析方法；第四，指出了中国植物区系中特有现象研究所面临的困境，认为应该集中力量重点研究滇黔桂、横断山脉以及华中等3个地区的植物区系基本特征、组成、起源、演化与扩散等内容．     

大气微生物的研究——Ⅰ.京津地区大气细菌区系

在京津地区1108个点研究大气细菌污染;选择位于京津地区纵轴线上的7个点,研究大气的细菌区系;选择位于北京市生态环境十分不同的12个点,挑取不同培养特征以及优势菌的细菌菌落进行鉴定。共鉴定383株菌,分别属于8个属,2个菌群。部分菌鉴定到种。京津地区大气细菌的优势菌是微球菌、葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌等。     

伊通地堑天然气地球化学特征与运移效应

伊通地堑大部分地区只发现油藏 ,天然气藏发现较少 ,借助最新分析资料 ,同时结合前人研究成果 ,对该地区天然气地球化学特征、运移效应进行了分析 ,以明确天然气的成因和运移方向 ,研究表明 ,伊通地堑的天然气主要为原油伴生气 ,重烃含量高 ,除莫里青地区的伊 2 3井和伊 14井双阳组一段和伊 2 1井永吉组二段为干气外 ,其他地区天然气均为湿气。伊通地堑天然气并非典型的油型气 ,也不是典型的煤型气 ,而是与其特定的母质类型有关。莫里青地区的天然气主要与凹陷深部的烃源岩亲缘关系密切。向东南方向 ,天然气发生明显的运移分异作用。     

江苏土包山金铁矿床及其成矿机制

土包山金铁矿床产于石英闪长玢岩火山—侵入体裂隙中的矽卡岩内,与岩浆同化混染和分异作用所形成的贯入型矽卡岩有关,其成岩温度380℃—515℃,磁铁矿成矿温度300℃—380℃,硫化物和自然金的形成温度200℃—310℃,碳、硫、氢、氧同位素资料说明,成矿物质主要来源于地壳深部的岩浆,而成矿溶液主要为岩浆水。     

喀斯特岩溶、非岩溶区植被总初级生产力与土壤呼吸的空间差异及其环境因子分析

选取中国两个典型喀斯特石漠化生态系统(研究区Ⅰ广西盘阳河流域峰丛洼地石漠化区、研究区Ⅱ云南荞麦地流域中山山地石漠化区),通过遥感影像反演和广泛的野外验证,开展喀斯特生态系统植被总初级生产力(GPP)和土壤呼吸(Rs)的差异分析及其在地形地貌、海拔坡度、土地利用以及岩性等环境因子上的空间分异分析。结果表明:1)两个研究区雨季和非雨季的GPP均值均要大于Rs均值,峰丛洼地的GPP和Rs均值都要高于中山山地,但中山山地的Rs均值两级分异更为明显; 2) GPP与海拔总体上呈现显著的负相关关系(在平均海拔较低的研究区Ⅰ更为明显),GPP均值在坡度大于25°左右时随着坡度的增加而减少;两个研究区的Rs均随着海拔的升高先降后增,坡度小于40°时呈负相关; 3)不同土地覆盖类型GPP均值总体上呈现林地灌丛草地、耕地的规律,而Rs均值呈现出居住建设用地耕地草地灌丛林地的规律,常绿针叶林有着区域内最高的GPP值,城镇建设用地有着最高的Rs均值; 4)研究区雨季与非雨季的GPP、Rs均值均呈现岩溶区小于非岩溶区的特点(p0.001)。本研究可为西南喀斯特生态系统碳循环特征研究提供参考,为分析喀斯特区域碳汇特点和机制提供应用支撑,为区域制定侧重不同的生态策略提供思路和应用参考。     

锡林河流域Cyanobacteria群落空间分化及其与环境因子的关系

为阐明蓝细菌（Cyanobacteria）群落的空间分化及其与环境因子的关系,本研究采集了锡林河流域河床中心湍流区、河床边缘缓流区、牛轭湖滞流区、低河漫滩、高河漫滩、阶地羊草及大针茅草原样带等28个沉积物/土壤样品进行细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序及生物信息学分析.结果显示,Cyanobacteria群落存在明显的空间分化特征并能对环境因子做出敏感响应.Leptolyngbya和Phormidium等关联的5个种群主要分布在高氨中盐相对中富营养的缓滞流区,其丰度与氨态氮、总有机碳等存在正相关关系,推测与水华形成有关;Caenarcaniphilales关联的种群分布在低氨低盐相对寡营养的湍流区,其丰度仅与砂粒存在正相关关系,推测与固氮作用有关;ML635J-21关联的种群分布在中氨高盐相对全营养的高河漫滩及阶地土壤中,其丰度与粉黏粒及盐度等存在正相关关系,可能与生物土壤结皮形成过程有关.变异权重分析显示,氨态氮、盐度、总有机碳分别解释了Cyanobacteria群落空间分化的51.1%、23.9%、15.1%,说明这些环境因子的变化与Cyanobacteria群落的空间分化密切相关.研究结果可为锡林河流域草原牧区生态安全评价和生物多样性可持续管理提供科学依据.     

Navigating uneven terrain: The roles of political skill and LMX differentiation in prediction of work relationship quality and work outcomes

Drawing from social/political influence, leader–member exchange (LMX), and social comparison theories, the present two‐study investigation examines three levels of LMX differentiation (i.e., individual‐level, meso‐level, and group‐level LMX differentiation) and further tests a model of the joint effects of political skill and LMX differentiation on LMX, relative LMX, and employee work outcomes. In Study 1, we used data from 231 employees and found support for the interactive effect of political skill and individual perceptions of LMX differentiation on LMX quality. We also found partial support for the moderating role of individual‐level LMX differentiation on the indirect effects of political skill on self‐rated task performance and job satisfaction via LMX. In Study 2, we used data from 185 supervisor–subordinate dyads and examined both meso‐level and group‐level LMX differentiation via a multilevel moderated mediation model. Results supported the moderating role of group‐level LMX differentiation and group mean LMX on the indirect effects of political skill on supervisor‐rated task performance and contextual performance/citizenship behavior as well as job satisfaction via relative LMX. Overall, the results suggest that politically skilled employees reap the benefits of LMX differentiation, as they enjoy higher absolute LMX and relative (i.e., to their peers) LMX quality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancement of conservation knowledge through increased access to botanical information

Herbarium specimens are increasingly recognized as an important resource for conservation science and virtual herbaria are making specimens freely available to a wider range of users than ever before. Few virtual herbaria are designed with conservation use as a primary driver. Exceptionally, Brazil's Reflora Virtual Herbarium (RVH) was created to increase knowledge and conservation of the Brazilian flora. The RVH is closely integrated with the Flora of Brazil 2020 platform on which Brazil's new national Flora is under construction. Both resources are accessible via the Reflora home page and thousands of users move seamlessly between these Reflora resources. To understand how the Reflora resources are currently used and their impact on conservation science, we conducted a literature review and an online survey. We searched for publications of studies in which Reflora resources were used and publications resulting from Brazilian researchers who were part of Reflora's research and mobility program. The survey contained multiple choice questions and questions that required a written response. We targeted Reflora webpage visitors with the survey to capture a wider range of Reflora users than the literature review. Reflora resources were used for a variety of conservation-relevant purposes. Half the 806 scientific publications in which Reflora was cited and 81% of the 1069 survey respondents accessing Reflora resources mentioned conservation-relevant research outputs. Most conservation-relevant uses of the Reflora resources in scientific publications were research rather than implementation focused. The survey of Reflora users showed conservation uses and impacts of virtual herbaria were more numerous and diverse than the uses captured in the literature review. Virtual herbaria are vital resources for conservation science, but they must document use and impacts more comprehensively to ensure sustainability.     

A HYBRID OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF DISTRIBUTED PARAMETERS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONFINED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: In using non-linear optimization techniques for estimation of parameters in a distributed ground water model, the initial values of the parameters and prior information about them play important roles. In this paper, the genetic algorithm (GA) is combined with the truncated-Newton search technique to estimate groundwater parameters for a confined steady-state ground water model. Use of prior information about the parameters is shown to be important in estimating correct or near-correct values of parameters on a regional scale. The amount of prior information needed for an accurate solution is estimated by evaluation of the sensitivity of the performance function to the parameters. For the example presented here, it is experimentally demonstrated that only one piece of prior information of the least sensitive parameter is sufficient to arrive at the global or near-global optimum solution. For hydraulic head data with measurement errors, the error in the estimation of parameters increases as the standard deviation of the errors increases. Results from our experiments show that, in general, the accuracy of the estimated parameters depends on the level of noise in the hydraulic head data and the initial values used in the truncated-Newton search technique.