The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the freezing processes of water

This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics (on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.     

复杂地层旁通道冻结施工过程的模拟与实测分析

采用FLAC3D模拟分析了在复杂地质条件下,采用冻结法修建上海地铁旁通道时,土体的冻胀和融沉的现象。将模拟得到的地表位移与现场实测值进行了对比,结果表明:(1)积极冻胀阶段:地表竖向位移主要发生在旁通道的正上方,随着向两边的延伸,距离隧道中心的距离越大,垂直冻胀量越小。(2)维持冻结阶段:测点因为开挖过程中的继续冻胀位移值随开挖步距先略有增加而后随着开挖量的增加沉降量随之逐步的增大,最终地表发生了明显的变形。(3)融沉阶段:施作完衬砌结构以后进行60天自然解冻过程中,实测位移和计算位移较为一致,研究表明建立的数值分析模型合理、结果可靠。     

Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy

The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.     

湖北省2008年初低温雨雪冰冻过程气候特征分析

2008年初,湖北省出现了严重的低温雨雪冰冻灾害,直接经济损失高达110亿元以上,有必要对灾害期间的气候特征进行系统、科学的分析和总结。对湖北省76个气象站2008年1月12日～2月3日气温、降水（雪）、日照以及低温持续日数等要素进行时空间差异分析及历史与同期比较,并选取10个代表站历史上所有低温雨雪天气过程,对其过程持续低温日数、最长连续雨雪日数、过程极端低温进行比较分析。结果表明：（1）此次过程的平均气温异常偏低,该省大部为-1～-2℃,比常年同期偏低4～6℃,为各站历史同期最低,其中主要是最高气温异常偏低所致,但极端低温并不低;（2）降雪过程频繁,雨雪量异常偏多;（3）低温冰冻持续时间长,该省大部在16～22 d,位于历史第一;（4）日照异常偏少。持续而稳定的大气环流异常形势是湖北省大范围低温雨雪天气的直接原因。     

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in bee pollen collected from different areas of Slovakia

Contamination by microscopic fungi and mycotoxins in different bee pollen samples, which were stored under three different ways of storing as freezing, drying and UV radiation, was investigated. During spring 2009, 45 samples of bee-collected pollen were gathered from beekeepers who placed their bee colonies on monocultures of sunflower, rape and poppy fields within their flying distance. Bee pollen was collected from bees’ legs by special devices placed at the entrance to hives. Samples were examined for the concentration and identification of microscopic fungi able to grow on Malt and Czapek-Dox agar and mycotoxins content [deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), zearalenone (ZON) and total aflatoxins (AFL), fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxins (OTA)] by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The total number of microscopic fungi in this study ranged from 2.98 ± 0.02 in frozen sunflower bee pollen to 4.06 ± 0.10 log cfu.g^?1 in sunflower bee pollen after UV radiation. In this study, 449 isolates belonging to 21 fungal species representing 9 genera were found in 45 samples of bee pollen. The total isolates were detected in frozen poppy pollen 29, rape pollen 40, sunflower pollen 80, in dried poppy pollen 12, rape pollen 36, sunflower 78, in poppy pollen after UV radiation treatment 54, rape 59 and sunflower 58. The most frequent isolates of microscopic fungi found in bee pollen samples of all prevalent species were Mucor mucedo (49 isolates), Alternaria alternata (40 isolates), Mucor hiemalis (40 isolates), Aspergillus fumigatus (33 isolates) and Cladosporium cladosporioides (31 isolates). The most frequently found isolates were detected in sunflower bee pollen frozen (80 isolates) and the lowest number of isolates was observed in poppy bee pollen dried (12 isolates). The most prevalent mycotoxin of poppy bee pollen was ZON (361.55 ± 0.26 μg.kg^?1), in rape bee pollen T-2 toxin (265.40 ± 0.18 μg.kg^?1) and in sunflower bee pollen T-2 toxin (364.72 ± 0.13 μg.kg^?1) in all cases in frozen samples.     

不同改性方式对控释碳源材料脱氮性能的影响

以玉米淀粉(S)为碳源,聚乙烯醇(P)为骨架载体,根据是否用硼酸(B)和硫酸钠(N)做改性处理,制备了GSP、GSP-N、GSP-B和GSP-BN 4种控释碳源材料,研究N、B和BN 3种改性方式对碳源材料脱氮性能的影响。在添加4种碳源的静态实验中,硝酸盐氮去除率均在96.1%以上。碳源材料的改性对硝酸盐氮的降解情况影响不明显,但对脱氮过程中TOC、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮和TN浓度的变化有不同程度的影响。以TOC、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮和TN为指标,N、BN和B 3种改性方式综合效益指数分别为5.62、4.6和1.92,硫酸钠(N)改性处理对提高控释碳源材料整体性能具有最佳效果。     

季节性冻融期沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放动态

三江平原季节性冻-融时间长达7～8个月,对沼泽湿地温室气体排放有重要影响.采用静态箱/气相色谱法研究了三江平原冻、融期沼泽湿地温室气体排放特征,表明三江平原不同类型沼泽湿地冬季都有明显的CH₄和CO₂排放,且冬季沼泽湿地CH₄排放量在全年CH₄排放中占有重要份额.融冻期沼泽湿地出现明显的CH₄和CO₂排放峰值,季节性积水沼泽化草甸CH₄和CO₂排放量大于常年积水沼泽湿地,而冬季常年积水沼泽湿地CH₄排放通量大于季节性积水沼泽化草甸.融冻期CO₂排放通量与土壤温度(5cm)呈指数相关关系(R²=0.912,p<0.001),沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与CH₄通量间也呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.751,p<0.001).冬季三江平原沼泽湿地是N₂O的汇,融冻期随着土壤温度升高逐渐成为N₂O的源,且在5月份沼泽湿地表层土壤(0～20cm)融冻期间N₂O排放通量明显增大.三江平原土壤冻、融期间沼泽湿地温室气体的排放特征,反映了冬季微生物活性的存在及融冻作用对土壤碳矿化和氮硝化、反硝化作用有重要影响.     

反复冻融与高温老化对砷污染土壤固化稳定化效果的影响

通过无侧限抗压强度、渗透系数、浸出浓度以及形态分布测试,分别考察了不同条件下反复冻融和高温老化作用对砷污染土壤固化或稳定化效果的影响,同时利用扫描电镜分析了稳定化土壤的微观形貌变化.结果表明,反复冻融和高温老化处理均会不同程度地削弱固化土壤的抗压强度,并提高其渗透系数.两种处理会增加稳定化土壤中砷的不稳定形态,从而增大其浸出浓度,如反复冻融处理300次后,稳定化土壤中砷的不稳定形态增加了19.81%,浸出浓度由115.5μg·L~(-1)增加至151.5μg·L~(-1),80℃高温老化10 h后,砷的不稳定形态增加了25.1%,浸出浓度增加至164.5μg·L~(-1).反复冻融次数的增加、老化温度的升高以及老化时间的延长,均会分别增大对固化/稳定化效果的影响.稳定化土壤经反复冻融和高温老化处理后,会发生不同程度的碎裂,呈现结构松散状.     

基于THM耦合冻结煤层温度场演化规律研究*

为研究冻结煤层温度场演化规律,针对煤层注液冷冻防治煤与瓦斯突出方法,建立热流固（THM）耦合方程,应用COMSOL软件分析冻结过程中渗透率、温度场、有效冻结半径等参数的时空演化规律,并对不同布孔方式冻结效果进行对比。研究结果表明:冻结过程中渗透率与有效冻结半径均先快速增加后缓慢增加,有效冻结半径随冻结时间增加呈幂函数关系;多孔布置冻结孔时,随冻结时间增加,有效冻结范围增大;同一冻结时间,距冻结孔越远,温度变化越缓慢,研究结果可为冻结煤层防治煤与瓦斯突出提供理论指导。     

耐冷腐殖酸吸附态PAHs降解菌筛选及其降解特性

为了寻找自然环境中高效PAHs降解菌,并应用于北方寒冷地区PAHs污染土壤修复,从沈抚灌渠冻融土壤中筛选出一株以腐殖酸(HA)吸附态PAHs为碳源和能源且生长良好的耐冷菌株,结合其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定此菌株为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.SDR4),并研究了其对冻融土壤中HA吸附态PAHs的降解性能.结果表明:Pseudomonas sp.SDR4对冻融土壤中Phe、Pyr和Ba P均具有一定的降解能力,42 d降解率分别为73.88%、64.88%和49.39%.加入HA能够提高其对Phe、Pyr和Ba P的降解率,42 d降解率分别提高15.9%、13.8%和8.6%;在降解初期加入HA可显著提高Phe、Pyr和Ba P的降解速率,第1周,降解速率分别提高37.8%、28.4%和39.1%,但在后期促进效果减弱.若要在寒冷地区选择Pseudomonas sp.SDR4作为固定化菌株,可添加HA提高其修复效果.本研究为北方寒冷地区PAHs污染土壤修复提供了新的固定化菌种.