浅谈环境应急监测质量管理体系的建设

环境应急监测作为环境应急处置的基础环节,发挥着重要的决策支持和技术保障作用。本文主要论述了各级环境监测部门如何从组织体系、网络体系、信息体系、质量控制体系和评估及预测体系5个方面建立一套完善的环境应急监测质量管理体系,以确保环境应急监测的质量,为环境管理提供可靠的技术支持。     

基于ANFIS模型的基坑工程位移反分析

在软土地基深基坑开挖支护工程的设计与施工中,岩土体力学参数的取值问题是关键。基于MATLAB(R2007a)模糊工具箱中的自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)对基坑岩土体力学参数进行了位移反演分析,并结合汉口火车站出站厅基坑工程实例,动态反演了具体参数,检验了反演精度,从而验证了该方法用于基坑工程位移反分析的可行性及工程适用性。     

模糊评判在岩质边坡稳定性评价中的应用

在工程实践中,影响岩质边坡稳定性的因素众多,不同因素的影响程度不相同,具有不确定性,因此选择合适的方法对岩质边坡稳定性进行评价尤为关键。本文采用模糊综合评判方法对岩质边坡进行稳定性评价,首先阐明了如何建立模糊评判体系以及权重和隶属度的确定方法,然后以某岩质边坡为实例,采用模糊评判方法对其稳定性进行了评价,结果表明模糊评判的结果与实际情况较为吻合,说明该方法真实、有效,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Observed LATCH use and misuse characteristics of child restraint systems in seven states

INTRODUCTION: Although the LATCH System (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) holds the promise of simplifying the installation of a child restraint system (CRS) to the vehicle's seat, many drivers transporting young children have difficulties using this technology. This paper reports on an observation study of LATCH use and misuse. METHOD: Observations of approximately 1,000 children less than 5 years of age in CRSs, in the back seats of vehicles that were equipped with tether and lower anchors, in seven states. RESULTS: Tethers were used for 51% of the children when the forward-facing CRS had tether straps and the vehicle had tether anchors. Lower anchors were used for 58% of the children when the CRS had lower attachments and the vehicle had lower anchors. The most common tether and lower attachment misuses were loose tether straps (18% of cases) and loose lower attachment installation (30% of the cases), respectively. Vehicle safety belts were used in combination with lower attachments in 20% of all lower anchor installations. CONCLUSION: As more caregivers of young children drive vehicles equipped with LATCH, it will be important to promote the proper installation of CRSs using this technology. LATCH education messages must also emphasize that the lower anchors may not always be the safest choice for CRS attachment -- the safest attachment is the one that results in a tight fit and will be used correctly consistently.     

Experience,but not distance,influences the recruitment precision in the stingless bee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scaptotrigona mexicana</Emphasis>

Recruitment precision, i.e. the proportion of recruits that reach an advertised food source, is a crucial adaptation of social bees to their environment. Studies with honeybees showed that recruitment precision is not a fixed feature, but it may be enhanced by factors like experience and distance. However, little is known regarding the recruitment precision of stingless bees. Hence, in this study, we examined the effects of experience and spatial distance on the precision of the food communication system of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona mexicana. We conducted the experiments by training bees to a three-dimensional artificial patch at several distances from the colony. We recorded the choices of individual recruited foragers, either being newcomers (foragers without experience with the advertised food source) or experienced (foragers that had previously visited the feeder). We found that the average precision of newcomers (95.6 ± 2.61%) was significantly higher than that of experienced bees (80.2 ± 1.12%). While this might seem counter-intuitive on first sight, this “loss” of precision can be explained by the tendency of experienced recruits to explore nearby areas to find new rewarding food sources after they had initially learned the exact location of the food source. Increasing the distance from the colony had no significant effect on the precision of the foraging bees. Thus, our data show that experience, but not the distance of the food source, affected the patch precision of S. mexicana foragers.     

可发性聚苯乙烯仓库消防安全评价研究

对火灾因素多样,且相互间又具有不确定性和模糊性的仓库火灾危险性分析,可应用层次分析法和模糊评价法相结合而形成的一种评价模式。该模式主要通过运用模糊层次综合评价法并结合层次分析法确定各指标的权重分配,对企业安全状况进行评价,经过专家咨询,将各因素层次化,最终得出模糊评价结果。笔者将该模式应用于实例,对可发性聚苯乙烯仓库进行消防安全研究,实例验证了该模式的可行性,并得知该仓库当前的消防安全程度为"临界的",应当采取适当的消防控制措施。通过理论分析和案例应用,证明该方法既能够充分体现评价因素和评价过程的模糊性,又尽量减少个人主观臆断所带来的弊端,更符合客观实际,其评价结果更可信,可靠。     

环境友好城市建设初探——以上海为例

文章试图在可持续发展思想的引导下,运用"环境友好"的理念,研究和阐述了"环境友好城市"的内涵。并以上海为例,提出了环境友好城市的发展目标和建设方向,选用构建指标体系的方式,对城市的环境友好程度进行评估,提出了推进和实施环境友好城市建设的保障措施体系。     

气体脱硫胺液系统的清洁生产

分析了气体脱硫装置胺液系统污染物的主要来源和危害,通过采取清洁生产工艺、材质升级、在线净化复活、停工清扫塔器和新脱硫剂补充置换等措施,取得了较好的效果.     

改进的模糊层次分析法在南苕溪临安段水质评价中的应用

南苕溪是太湖的源头水系,其水质状况对杭嘉湖平原居民饮用水安全和太湖流域的污染治理有重要意义.为了了解南苕溪的水质状况,在临安段开展了2年的水质监测,分别在2009年7月、10月和2010年1月、4月采集了水样并进行水质评价.同时,为了克服以往模糊层次分析法存在的低估污染的严重性及不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,建立了一个改进...     

城市工业区环境系统中的Cd污染循环及其健康风险——以杭州市半山工业区为例

为揭示重金属元素Cd在城市环境系统多种介质中的迁移途径及其潜在危害性,系统分析了杭州市半山工业区主要环境介质（土壤-尘埃-水-底泥-生物）样品中Cd的指标含量,并用连续提取法分析了土壤、尘埃、底泥中Cd的化学形态特征.结果表明,Cd的迁移途径主要有两种,一是以尘埃为媒介在地表环境中迁移,二是通过水介质进入水体环境（水和...