首信尾矿重金属环境地球化学实验研究

为了评估首信秘鲁矿业股份有限公司拟建选厂选矿实验中所产生的尾矿中重金属物质可能对环境造成的潜在影响,本文根据秘鲁能矿部环境事务总局的要求,以首信选厂选矿试验中的尾矿样品为研究对象,分别进行了尾矿摇瓶法试验(Shake Flask Extraction,SFE)、实验室尾矿风化湿筒试验(ASTM D5744-07标准)研究.试验结果表明:首信尾矿中重金属在酸性环境条件下最容易发生迁移转化,其次是模拟海水条件,最难的是超纯水环境。     

北京市密云水库上游金矿区土壤稀土元素的地球化学特征

采集了密云水库上游金矿区的34个土壤表层样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了土壤稀土元素含量,研究了土壤不同粒级中稀土元素的分布特征,并对土壤稀土元素含量分布的影响因素、累积效应、配分模式及分馏特征进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:金矿区土壤稀土元素总量∑REE略高于中国大陆土壤∑REE背景值。随着颗粒粒径的减少,稀土元素及总有机碳(TOC)含量均逐渐增加。相关性分析表明,各稀土元素均表现出相似的相关性,与全量元素Li、V、Co、Ga、Rb、Cs呈正相关,与Cu、Cd、Pb及pH呈负相关,与TOC呈显著正相关;土壤pH、有机质和矿物质成分与稀土元素含量分布密切相关。累积因子(AF)分析表明,稀土元素在粘粒级(0~2μm)、粉砂粒级(2~50μm)中表现出显著的累积效应,这是由于微细颗粒比表面积较大,次生矿物及有机质含量较高。经球粒陨石标准化后,各粒级稀土元素总体配分曲线相近,均表现为Ce无异常,Eu明显亏损,50μm的粗粒级Eu亏损较细粒级更为严重。土壤轻重稀土分馏程度关系为:砂粒级(50~350μm)粉砂粒级(2~50μm)粘粒级(0~2μm)。该研究结论将为选取稀土元素作为示踪剂提供科学依据,并为不同粒级中稀土元素的进一步研究提供一定的参考价值。     

AUTUMN CHEMISTRY OF OREGON COAST RANGE STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: During an autumn runoff event we sampled 48 streams with predominantly forested watersheds and igneous bedrock in the Oregon Coast Range. The streams had acid neutralizing capacities (ANC) > 90 μeq/L and pH > 6.4. Streamwater Na ⁺, Ca^{2 +}, and Mg^{2 +} concentrations were greater than K ⁺ concentrations. Anion concentrations generally followed the order of Cl^- > NO₃^- > SO₄^2-. Chloride and Na ⁺ concentrations were highest in samples collected in streams near the Pacific Ocean and decreased markedly as distance from the coast increased. Sea salt exerted no discernible influence on stream water acid-base status during the sampling period. Nitrate concentrations in the study streams were remarkably variable, ranging from below detection to 172 μeq/L. We hypothesize that forest vegetation is the primary control of spatial variability of the NO₃^- concentrations in Oregon Coast Range streams. We believe that symbiotic N fixation by red alder in pure or mixed stands is the primary source of N to forested watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range.     

Levels and speciation of heavy metals in soils of industrial Southern Nigeria

A knowledge of the total content of trace metals is not enoughto fully assess the environmental impact of polluted soils. Forthis reason, the determination of metal species in solution isimportant to evaluate their behaviour in the environment andtheir mobilization capacity. Sequential extraction procedure wasused to speciate five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn) fromfour contaminated soils of Southern Nigeria into sixoperationally defined geochemical species: water soluble,enchangeable, carbonates, Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual.Metal recoveries were within ± 10% of the independentlydetermined total Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations. The highest amount of Cd (avg. 30%) in the nonresidual fractionswas found in the exchangeable fraction, while Cu and Zn weresignificantly associated with the organic fraction. Thecarbonate fraction contained on average 14, 18.6, 12.6, 13 and11% and the residual fraction contained on average 47, 18, 33,50 and 25% of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn respectively. Assuming thatmobility and bioavailability of these metals are related to thesolubility of the geochemical form of the metals, and that theydecrease in the order of extraction sequence, the apparentmobility and potential bioavailability for these five metals inthe soil were: Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The mobility indexes ofcopper and nickel correlated positively and significantly withthe total content of metals, while mobility indexes of cadmiumand zinc correlated negatively and significantly with the totalcontent of metals.     

我国循环经济立法模式选择

综述了循环经济的内涵要求及特征、国外循环经济立法概况及分类，认为我国进行循环经济立法应采取3步走的分阶段立法模式。     

地球化学动力学反应器原理和速率方程测定

主要介绍了地球化学动力学实验研究中的三种反应器类型，即间歇反应器、活塞流反应器和混合流反应器，概述了它们的工作原理和速率方程测定方法，最后对比了三类反应器的性能，指出混合流反应器最适合于测定矿物－水反应速率。     

Microbial Fe(III) Reduction in Acidic Mining Lake Sediments after Addition of an Organic Substrate and Lime

To elucidate the role of Fe(III) reduction in mining lake sediments amended with organic substrates, we performed a large (10 m diameter) enclosure experiment in which sediments were amended with Carbokalk, a waste product from sugar industry containing organic carbon and lime. Fe(III) reduction rates were determined monthly by measuring the accumulation of Fe(II) in the sediments in the field. Fe(III) reduction rates were also determined by incubating sediment samples with synthetic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide under in situ temperature in the laboratory. Sulfate reduction was selectively inhibited in the Fe(III) reduction experiments by addition of sodium molybdate. Sulfate reduction was measured by accumulation of reduced inorganic sulfides in the field and by ³⁵S radiotracer using a core injection technique. Sediment incubation and determination of sulfate reduction rates with radiotracer showed that sulfate reduction and direct microbial Fe(III) reduction occured simultaneously in the upper centimeters of the sediments and that both processes contributed to alkalinity generation. However, Fe(III) reduction was the initial process and rates were at least 3.5 fold higher than sulfate reduction rates. The results indicate that the presence of suitable anions for Fe(II) precipitation as carbonate or sulfide is needed in order to prevent loss of potential alkalinity by Fe(II) diffusion and reoxidation in the water column.     

集约化柑橘种植抑制土壤磷循环微生物活性

微生物是调节土壤磷循环的关键驱动力.阐明土壤解磷菌的微生物矿化过程对于提高植物养分吸收率和作物产量具有重要意义.通过测定柑橘园与毗邻的自然林地土壤编码碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）丰度、解磷细菌群落多样性和土壤无机磷组分,探究柑橘种植对土壤微生物获取磷策略的影响机制.结果表明,柑橘种植导致土壤pH下降,土壤有效磷累积,ω（有效磷）平均值高达112 mg·kg^-1,显著高于毗邻的自然林地（3.7 mg·kg^-1）.柑橘种植也会影响土壤磷素组成,柑橘土壤含有较高的可溶态磷（CaCl₂-P）、柠檬酸提取态磷（Citrate-P）和矿物结合态磷（HCl-P）.自然林地土壤各磷组分均显著低于柑橘土壤,而phoD基因丰度和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于柑橘土壤.高通量测序结果表明,柑橘土壤解磷细菌Shannon指数（4.61）显著低于自然林地（5.35）,群落结构也有别于自然林地.柑橘种植改变了土壤解磷菌的群落组成,自然林地变形菌门的相对丰度显著低于柑橘土壤.土壤有效磷含量与碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关,表明土壤高磷累积抑制土壤解磷细菌的活性.柑橘种植改变了土壤微生物对磷的获取策略,在柑橘园中,土壤微生物主要依赖外源磷,而自然林地土壤微生物主要以微生物分泌碱性磷酸酶矿化有机磷来获取磷的方式满足其生长需求.     

Diel Cycling of Zinc in a Stream Impacted by Acid Rock Drainage: Initial Results from a New in situ Zn Analyzer

Recent work has demonstrated that many trace metals undergo dramatic diel (24-h) cycles in near neutral pH streams with metal concentrations reproducibly changing up to 500% during the diel period (Nimick et al., 2003). To examine diel zinc cycles in streams affected by acid rock drainage, we have developed a novel instrument, the Zn-DigiScan, to continuously monitor in situ zinc concentrations in near real-time. Initial results from a 3-day deployment at Fisher Creek, Montana have demonstrated the ability of the Zn-DigiScan to record diel Zn cycling at levels below 100 μg/l. Longer deployments of this instrument could be used to examine the effects of episodic events such as rainstorms and snowmelt pulses on zinc loading in streams affected by acid rock drainage.     

Microbially Mediated Redox Cycling at the Oxic–Anoxic Boundary in Sediments: Comparison of Animal and Plants Habitats

Microorganisms are responsible for the bulk of transformations that occur in surficial sediments. They are most active at redox boundaries where they can benefit from access to various oxidants and reductants generated during redox cycling events. To illustrate the dynamics of microbially mediated processes, especially those involving sulfur and metal cycles, processes were compared in habitats either bioturbated by a capitellid worm or inhabited by a salt marsh grass. The presence of macrofauna and macroflora greatly altered the three-dimensional array of redox gradients in sediments, but the type and form of reductants and oxidants provided varied greatly; clastic sedimentary infauna subducted solid phase organic material and iron oxides, whereas plant roots released dissolved organic matter and oxygen. These differences resulted in a bioturbated system that exhibited a rapid sulfur cycle (residence time of minutes), but a slower iron cycle (days), whereas vegetation caused a slow sulfur cycle and rapid iron cycle. Alteration of sediments by higher life forms also greatly affected the composition and relative abundances of sedimentary bacteria, even on short time scales. Although redox cycling at interfaces can be somewhat predictable, variations in response to biological and physical perturbations demonstrated wide differences in the dynamics of redox-mediated processes.