A LESSON FROM THE MAIN TOXIC DISASTERS IN THE 20th CENTURY

Ｔｏｘｉｃｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｒｅｆｅｒｔｏｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｐｏｉｓｏｎｉｎｇｅｖｅｎｔｓｔｈａｔｏｃｃｕｒｓｕｄｄｅｎｌｙ ,ｃａｕｓｅｓｅｖｅｒｅｃａｓｕａｌｔｙａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｌｏｓｓｅｓａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ.Ｔｈｅ 2 0ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙｈａｓｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｅｄｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｔｏｘｉｃｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｉｎｍａｎｙｐａｒｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .ＴｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣａｒｓｏｎ’ｓｂｏｏｋ《ＳｉｌｅｎｔＳｐｒｉｎｇ》ｉ…     

三峡库区柏木林降雨的再分配及养分循环研究

以三峡库区柏木林为对象,定量研究了雨季（７月）林分中降雨的再分配及Ｎ、Ｐ两种养分元素的循环过程。研究结果表明：１）穿透雨量占总降雨量的７９．７０％,树干茎流占总降雨量的１．１７％,树冠截留量占总降雨量的１９．１３％,地表径流系数平均为１９８％;２）由于淋溶作用,实际进入林地的穿透雨和树干茎流中总Ｎ和总Ｐ的含量均升高了较大的幅度。降雨时总Ｎ和总Ｐ含量的相对平衡值分别为０４６１ ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．０７５ ｍｇ／Ｌ,淋溶系数为１．８６和２．９４,迁移系数为０．５７和０．２９;３）柏木林生态系统中,Ｎ的总贮量为３６． ００ ｘ１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,Ｐ的总贮量为２．５１２ Ｘ １０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,其绝大部分（Ｎ为 ９９． ５％, Ｐ为 ９８． ８％）贮藏在土壤库中; ４）在有燃料输出的情况下,系统中的 Ｎ和 Ｐ循环效率分别为０．４３和０．４１。燃料的输出导致系统Ｎ和Ｐ循环效率降低,土壤中养分减少,从而导致系统养分的缺乏,生产力下降。     

侵蚀逆境下土壤有机碳的迁移

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分。土地利用和土地覆盖变化使得土壤中有机碳的含量发生很大的变化。土壤侵蚀是陆地碳库衰减的主要动力之一，也是陆地碳汇与海洋碳汇相互作用的重要过程。文章对土壤活性有机碳以及不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳的影响作了介绍。     

直升机蒸气循环制冷系统技术现状与展望

笔者主要从舱内环境控制方面 ,分析了高温对直升机飞行安全的影响 ,指出了直升机安装制冷系统的必要性 ,同时对国外现役直升机采用的两种制冷系统即蒸气循环制冷系统与空气循环制冷系统进行了性能对比。在此基础上 ,提出我国发展直升机制冷系统的主推方案是蒸气循环制冷系统 ,并对我国进行直升机蒸气循环制冷系统研究的技术关键和发展方向给予展望 ,为我国开展此领域的科学研究和技术创新提供一定的技术储备。     

HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法研究

目的建立一种HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法。方法研发一套户外热循环自然环境加速试验装置,可以模拟和强化太阳辐射对HTPB推进剂的热效应和昼夜温差冲击效应,并保持环境温度日夜温差循环、季节温差循环的特点。利用该装置,在海南万宁试验站户外暴露场开展HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验及其验证试验,设定试验最高温度不超过70℃,并同期开展HTPB推进剂库房贮存试验。从模拟性、加速性、重现性评价自然环境加速老化试验方法的可信度。结果随着老化时间的延长,最大拉伸强度保留率波动下降,可作为HTPB推进剂敏感力学参数。与该推进剂在库房贮存不同时间的最大拉伸强度保留率相比,在置信度为99%,两种试验方法的Spearman秩相关系数为0.93时,自然环境加速老化试验方法对于库房贮存试验方法的加速倍率为5倍,自然环境加速老化试验重现性良好。结论建立了一种适用于HTPB推进剂的简单易行、模拟性强、加速倍率高的自然环境加速老化试验方法,能再现HTPB推进剂在实际库房贮存的力学性能变化规律。     

安溪铁观音茶园垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素的地球化学特征

采集了安溪某茶园一条垂直剖面土壤样(深度160 cm,共16个样),用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析测定了其中的稀土元素含量,研究了剖面土壤中稀土元素的地球化学特征。结果表明:土壤样品中稀土元素总量范围为165.38~229.91 mg/kg,其平均含量高于中国土壤和世界土壤的平均值;土壤中轻重稀土分馏明显,其稀土元素组成特点表现为轻稀土(LREE)富集,重稀土(HREE)亏损,Eu呈负异常,Ce呈正异常;稀土元素的富集因子平均值的分布范围为0.28~1.34,稀土元素均处于无污染或轻微污染。本研究为了解安溪茶园中稀土含量特征提供了基础数据,为现有茶园的治理和后备茶园基地的合理选址提供了科学依据。     

Removal of chromophoric dissolved organic matter under combined photochemical and microbial degradation as a response to different irradiation intensities

Throughout the freshwater continuum, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and the colored fraction, Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Material (CDOM), are continuously being added, removed, and transformed, resulting in changes in the chromophoricity and lability of organic matter over time. We examined, experimentally, the effect of increasing irradiation-intensities on the combined photochemical and microbial degradation of CDOM and DOC. This was done by using a simulated mixed water column: aged water from a humic lake was exposed to four irradiation-intensities – representing winter, early and late spring, and summer conditions (0.10, 0.16, 0.36, and 0.58 W/m²) – and compared with dark controls over 37 days. We found a linear relationship between CDOM degradation and irradiation-intensities up to 0.36 W/m²; the degradation rate saturated at higher intensities, both at specific wavelengths and for broader intervals. After 37 days at high irradiation-intensity, CDOM absorption of irradiation at 340 nm had been reduced by 41%; 48% of DOC had been removed and DOC degradation continued to increase. Aromaticity (SUVA₂₅₄) declined significantly over 37 days at the two lowest but not at the two highest UV- intensities; levels in unexposed control water remained constant. Direct observations of the humic lake showed that CDOM absorption of irradiation (340 nm) declined by 27% from winter to summer. A model based on hydrological CDOM input and CDOM degradation calculated from field measurements of UV-radiation and experimental CDOM degradation with UV-exposure from sunlight accurately predicted the annual course as observed in the lake. With no external CDOM input, 92% of the CDOM could be degraded in a year. The results support the notion that combined photochemical and microbial CDOM degradation can be remarkably higher in lakes than previously thought and that humic lakes retain their color due to light absorption by ongoing CDOM input.     

Characterization of contamination, source and degradation of petroleum between upland and paddy fields based on geochemical characteristics and phospholipid fatty acids

To evaluate contamination caused by petroleum, surface soil samples were collected from both upland and paddy fields along the irrigation canals in the Hunpu wastewater irrigation region in northeast China. N-alkanes, terpanes, steranes, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in the surface soil samples were analyzed. The aliphatic hydrocarbon concentration was highest in the samples obtained from the upland field near an operational oil well; it was lowest at I-3P where wastewater irrigation promoted the downward movement of hydrocarbons. The Hunpu region was found contaminated by heavy petroleum from oxic lacustrine fresh water or marine deltaic source rocks. Geochemical parameters also indicated significantly heavier contamination and degradation in the upland fields compared with the paddy fields. Principal component analysis based on PLFA showed various microbial communities between petroleum contaminated upland and paddy fields. Gram-negative bacteria indicated by 15:0, 3OH 12:0, and 16:1(9) were significantly higher in the paddy fields, whereas Gram-positive bacteria indicated by i16:0 and 18:1(9)c were significantly higher in the upland fields (p < 0.05). These PLFAs were related to petroleum contamination. Poly-unsaturated PLFA (18:2ωup6, 9; indicative of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi) was also significantly elevated in the upland fields. This paper recommends more sensitive indicators of contamination and degradation of petroleum in soil. The results also provide guidelines on soil pollution control and remediation in the Hunpu region and other similar regions.     

济阳坳陷石炭二叠系烃源岩有机地球化学特征

济阳坳陷石炭二叠系烃源岩主要为煤和暗色泥岩。本文从有机质丰度、有机质类型及成熟度三方面对烃源岩有机地球化学特征做了详细分析。分析结果如下:有机质丰度普遍较高,煤的TOC含量在50%以上,暗色泥岩TOC含量在0 6%～1 5%之间;有机质母质类型较差,属以Ⅲ型干酪根为主的气源岩;整个济阳坳陷的C P地层处于成熟 高成熟阶段,Ro值在0 6%～1%的范围内。分析表明,区内C P煤岩总体上为较好 好的烃源岩,暗色泥岩基本上为中等 较好烃源岩。     

苏北盆地里下河地区30~15 cal ka BP期间地球化学元素变化特征及古气候意义

应用因子分析法对苏北盆地里下河地区SG剖面中的地化元素和氧化物进行分析,提取出相关古气候信息,重建了苏北盆地里下河地区30~15cal ka BP期间的古气候环境演化序列:30.3~26.0cal ka BP为相对暖湿期;26.0~17.8cal ka BP较为显著的冷干期;17.8~15.0cal ka BP以升温为主,冷暖波动剧烈,整体相对暖湿期;另外,在这些大的气候演变背景条件下,也存在着多次明显的气候波动事件。这一研究结果不仅与国内大量的研究资料相一致,而且与深海氧同位素和北半球太阳辐射等曲线也有着很好的对应,表明苏北地区的气候变化具有全球性特征。