HISTORICAL TRENDS IN SEDIMENTATION RATES AND SEDIMENT PROVENANCE,FAIRFIELD LAKE,WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA1

Sedimentation rates and sediment provenance were examined for lacustrine sediments deposited in Fairfield Lake, western North Carolina, during the past 111 years. Stratigraphic, radionuclide, and cartographic data indicate that sedimentation rates have increased several fold during the past three decades in response to localized development. The magnitude of increased sedimentation was surprising given limited development within the basin: 0.12 to 0.68 buildings/ha in 2000 in those parts directly delivering sediment to the dated cores. Thus, the analysis illustrates the potential sensitivity of watersheds in the southern Appalachians to changes in land cover. An approach that combined geochemical fingerprinting with sediment mixing models was subsequently evaluated to determine its ability to accurately estimate the contribution of sediment from (1) major bedrock formations that underlie the watershed and (2) potential sources associated with four land cover categories. Sediment sources in both analyses proved difficult to geochemically fingerprint to greater than 90 percent accuracy using data on acid‐soluble metals and selected isotopes of lead (Pb). The relative contributions of sediment from delineated sources, estimated by the mixing models, generally corresponded with known temporal and spatial patterns of land cover. However, the models were plagued by two significant problems — the chemical alteration of sediments as they were transported through upland streams to depositional sites within the lake and the loss of elemental mass. Thus, future investigations using the fingerprinting approach in this area of intense weathering, and presumably others, will need to modify the existing methods to more accurately elucidate changes in sediment provenance related to development.     

Geochemical distribution,bioavailability and potential toxicity of some trace metals in a complex micro-tidal estuary,Southwest India

The spatial and temporal variations of some trace metals in the surface sediments of Cochin Estuary were analyzed along with their geochemical associations to identify the possible sources, bioavailability and the health risks posed by them. The dominance of kaolinite and suggested that clay minerals distribution is influenced by sediment sorting. Total metal analysis revealed enrichment for Cd, Pb and Zn due to anthropogenic activities. The speciation analysis established that notwithstanding the large availability, carbonate as well as organic and sulfides bound fractions showed negligible associations with most of the metals. Hydrous Fe–Mn oxides appeared to play a major role in controlling the fate and transport of these metals in the sediments of Cochin Estuary. Lower contribution of the residual fractions for Cd (21%–26%), Pb (<60%) and Zn (24%–42%) indicated an obvious increase of other geochemical fractions. Risk assessment analysis revealed that regardless of total concentration, none of the analyzed metals were at safe levels in the estuary as appreciable percentages were found to be associated with mobile geochemical forms. The speciation study conspicuously established that the metals originating from non-geogenic sources are largely associated with the labile fractions and hence are more detrimental to the aquatic biota.     

人类活动对川东平行岭谷区岩溶地下水化学性质季节变化的影响

以川东平行岭谷区典型岩溶槽谷--北碚槽上为研究区域,通过对8月和11月的岩溶地下水水化学性质研究,发现槽上岩溶地下水的化学性质呈现明显的季节性：电导率、矿化度、SO42-浓度及HCO3-浓度都是8月大于11月,与气温和降水量的变化相对应,也与人类在8月份对土地利用的强度大于在11月份对土地利用的强度相对应。研究区地下水的化学性质与人类活动对土地利用的季节差异具有比较明显的对应关系,为进一步认识岩溶地下水的时间变化规律提供科学数据,也有利于认识人类活动对生态环境产生的影响,从而采取更加合理的措施来治理和保护岩溶地区有限的地下水资源,满足人们的生活和生产需要。     

湿地生态地球化学研究进展

湿地生态地球化学研究是湿地研究的核心内容之一, 是研究其物理过程、化学过程和生物过程及其相互关系以及这些过程与湿地功能的关系.回顾了近年来国内外湿地生态地球化学方面的研究成果,介绍了它的概念,并评述了湿地的生态功能、元素地球化学、生物地球化学、湿地模型和3S技术等新技术在湿地研究中的应用等方面的研究进展.提出了中国湿地生态地球化学研究的优先领域,应加强湿地基础理论研究及在湿地的演化、生态过程、界面过程、预测与评价、信息系统等方面的研究.     

铁的环境地球化学综述

本文详细介绍了铁在表生地球化学环境中的存在状态,亚铁的氧化动力学,铁微生物地球化学及铁在表生带迁移转化的环境学意义,强调了铁环境地球化学研究的重要性     

人体需要经常补硒

从硒的生物学作用和防治疾病等方面剖析了硒与人体健康的关系；从元素地球化学、生物地球化学和化学地理等方面探讨了我国缺硒区的形成、分布和等级的划分；从环境地球化学物质场和元素生物地球化学营养链等方面．阐明了作物、禽畜和人体缺硒的原因、危害及其人体补硒的途径和方法，提出了在缺硒区运用元素生物地球化学营养链营养结构模式的原理、和技术方法，从土壤中获取富硒有机食品，供居民食用，是进行食物补硒、提高人体摄硒量、提高人体免疫功能和防治缺硒病症的根本措施。     

汞的环境地球化学研究进展

介绍了目前对环境样品中总汞及其各形态未的分析方法以及大气和水生生态系统中汞的研究进展，并指出，燃煤、汞齐法采金和人造水库等引起的环境汞污染问题以及汞在热带地区水生生态系统中的迁移转化规律等是目前的研究热点。     

若干典型岩性区域沉积物金属元素地球化学特征比较研究

研究了４种成片分布的典型岩性（页岩、石灰岩、花岗岩、黄土）区域沉积物金属元素（Ｌｉ、Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｔｉ、Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｌ等共１６种）总量与形态特征．结果表明：这４种岩性区域沉积物金属元素含量与形态均有显著的差别．与其它岩性相比，黄土地区易迁移元素含量高，而重金属含量显著较低；其金属元素残渣态含量高，而有机态、铁锰氧化物态和可交换态含量低．石灰岩地区重金属含量较高，而易迁移元素如Ｎａ，Ｓｒ等含量则较低；其重金属元素残渣态含量不偏低，表明经风化作用释放出来的重金属参与了次生矿物的形成过程而得以富集．花岗岩地区重金属含量居中，而Ｆｅ和Ａｌ含量较高；其金属元素残渣态含量不偏高则与风化作用较强有关．页岩地区元素含量与形态均居中，代表了各种岩性的平均水平．     

西藏拉萨市土壤气中氡、汞环境地球化学特征

研究了拉萨市及其附近土壤气中的氡、汞地球化学特征,利用地质累计指数法评价了其环境质量.1?579个测点的测量结果表明,土壤气中氡、汞的背景值分别是7?634.9 Bq/m³、41.5 ng/m³,标准偏差分别为2.7 Bq/m³、2.2 ng/m³.土壤气氡环境质量在研究区东部和西部比较好,在中部从南向北有逐渐加重的趋势,最高达到中度污染;氡的主要污染源是山间盆地沉积物中局部富集的放射性铀元素.从拉萨郊区向市中心,土壤气汞污染程度逐渐增加,最高达到严重污染;污染源主要是废气中的汞、宗教活动中使用的汞以及含汞的垃圾和废水.     

四川锦屏山地区部分地层时代、玄武岩和花岗岩地球化学特征及构造环境

锦屏地区的地质研究程度较低，部分地层时代争议较大，玄武岩、花岗岩的性质、物质来源和构造环境等尚未深入研究。为了切实评价区域稳定性，基础地质研究十分重要。通过同位素年代学和孢粉分析，改盐塘组时代由中三叠世为早二叠世，皮罗渡桥西黑色砂页岩层为晚三叠世；稀土元素、过渡元素、微量元素和岩石化学分析表明，在金一箐断裂东西两侧分布的玄武岩为上地幔来源、不同于陆海环境的大陆裂谷喷发产物，花岗岩的分异和重熔程度不同，代表造山期挤压向造山期后拉张环境转化。上述结论为该区构造发展演化和区域稳定性评价、矿产资源寻找提供了重要基础资料。