汞的地球化学特征及其映震效能

汞的地球化学行为取决于汞的物理化学性质．汞在地震活动过程中的异常变化十分明显，映震效能较好。通过分析主要震例发现，汞异常特征普遍表现为高值或正脉冲及其脉冲群。异常分布范围与震级大小有关。一般来说是在异常结束后发震，但也有的是在高值段或异常恢复段发震。异常一般出现于震前几天到几个月不等。     

浙东中生代火山岩岩石系列及大地构造环境判别

应用Q—型聚类分析、对应因子分析及某些微量元素图解等方法,判别出本区火山岩属高钾钙碱性系列,它与东太平洋沿岸火山岩及花岗岩相似,而与日本、台湾等岛弧火山岩相差较大,可能属于活动大陆边缘构造环境的产物。     

湖南湘西金矿尾矿的地质地球化学特征与二次开发前景

对湖南湘西金矿尾矿的堆存、分布特征及其化学组成、微量元素含量等进行了初步研究．结果发现：尾矿中贵、重金属元素如Au、Sb、W、Pb、As等含量较高，因此，尾矿不仅是矿区的潜在污染源，而且是一种重要的后备资源．具有较大的二次开发前景。     

天桥铅锌矿床的沉积改造成矿特征

从层序地层、沉积相、矿相剖面、微量元素、稀土元素、铅同位素和包裹体等方面 ,对天桥铅锌矿床及矿床地球化学特征进行了研究 ,认为产于退积型海侵体系域中顺层的似层状铅锌矿体 ,其成因与六盘水裂陷槽演化的某个阶段特定环境有一定联系 ,成矿溶液沿裂陷槽边界断裂上升 ,挤入上覆岩层间隙乃至进入水盆地 ,对围岩发生交代作用 ,参与成岩 -后生作用、多期次的叠加、改造是该矿床的特征     

类脂分子标志物在海洋有机地球化学中的研究应用

分子标志物是海洋有机地球化学过程研究的一个重要手段，它的开发和应用使得海洋有机地球化学的过程研究成为可能。类脂化合物作为一类最常用的分子标志物，在物质来源、有机质降解、早期 成岩演变、环境污染、古海洋学等诸多方面有着广泛的应用。类脂分子标志物成功地应用在河口、滨海地区和深海海洋中有着物质循环、迁移和埋藏等过程的研究，为海洋有机地球化学过程提供定性或定量的描述。本文简要介绍了类脂分子标志物的特征、开发和利用，并讨论了其优、缺点。     

湘黔桂地区晚前寒武纪层状硅质岩地球化学特征及成因

湘黔桂地区晚前寒武纪发育厚度较大的层状硅质岩层 ,岩石化学成分纯净 ,硅质矿物含量 95%以上。岩石贫微量元素 ,但富Ba、As、Sb、Ag、U元素 ;稀土元素总量低 ,Ce呈明显的负异常 ,轻稀土含量大于重稀土含量 ;δ30 Si值变化范围为 0 .0‰～ 0 .7‰ ,δ18O值变化范围为 2 0 .1‰～ 2 3 .6‰。硅质岩地球化学特征表明其成因为介于热水沉积与生物沉积之间的过渡类型。     

MINE DRAINAGE AND ROCK TYPE INFLUENCES ON EASTERN OHIO STREAM WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Stream water during fair weather (base flow) is largely ground water discharge, which has been in contact with minerals of the underlying aquifer. Base flow water quality should therefore reflect aquifer mineralogy as well as upstream land use. Three upstream mining categories (unmined lands, abandoned coal mines, and reclaimed coal mines) differed in pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, aluminum, and alkalinity for 122 streams in eastern Ohio. Aquifer rock type influenced pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, and alkalinity. Reclamation returned many components of acid mine drainage to near unmined levels, although sulfate and specific conductance were not improved. Acid mine drainage problems were less severe in watersheds underlain by the calcareous Monogahela Formation. These results should ayply to other Appalachian coal regions having similar rock units. The water quality data distributions were neither consistently normal nor lognormal. Statistical tests utilizing ranks of the water quality data, instead of the data themselves, proved useful in analyzing the influences of mining category and rock type.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STREAMBED SEDIMENT IN THE UPPER ILLINOIS RWER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Geochemistry of fine-fraction streambed sediments collected from the upper illinois River basin was surveyed in the fall of 1987 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment pilot projects. The survey included 567 samples analyzed for 46 elements. Three distinctive distribution patterns were found for seven U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants surveyed, as well as for boron and phosphorus: (1) enrichment of elements in the Chicago urban area and in streams draining the urban area relative to rural areas, (2) enrichment in main stems relative to tributaries, and (3) enrichment in low-order streams at high-population-density sites relative to low-population-density sites. Significant differences in background concentrations, as measured by samples from low-order streams, were observed among five subbasins in the study area. Uncertain geochemical correspondence between low-order, background sites and high-order, generally metal enriched sites prevented determination of background levels that would be appropriate for high-order sites. The within-sample ratio of enriched elements was variable within the Chicago area but was constant in the Illinois River downstream from Chicago. Element ratios imply a composite fine-fraction sediment in the Illinois River of 35–40 percent Des Plaines River origin and 60–65 percent Kankakee River origin.     

Distribution and possible immobilization of lead in a forest soil (Luvisol) profile*

Geochemical analyses using a sequential extraction method and lead adsorption studies were carried out in order to characterize the distribution and adsorption of lead on each genetic horizon of a Luvisol profile developed on a pelagic clayey aleurolite. Clay illuviation is the most important pedogenic process in the profile studied. Its clay mineralogy is characterized by chlorite/vermiculite species with increasing chlorite component downward. The amount of carbonate minerals strongly increases in the lower part of the profile resulting in an abrupt rise in soil pH within a small distance. The Pb content of the soil profile exceeds the natural geochemical background only in the Ao horizon, and its amount decreases with depth in the profile without correcting for differences in bulk density, suggesting the binding of Pb to soil organic matter. According to the sequential extraction analysis the organic matter and carbonate content of the soil have the most significant effect on lead distribution. This effect varies in the different soil horizons. Lead adsorption experiments were carried out on whole soil samples, soil clay fractions, as well as on their carbonate and organic matter free variant. The different soil horizons adsorb lead to different extents depending on their organic matter, clay mineral and carbonate content; and the mineralogical features of soil clays significantly affect their lead adsorption capacity. The clay fraction adsorbs 25 more lead than the whole soil, while in the calcareous subsoil a significant proportion of lead is precipitated due to the alkaline conditions. 10 and 5 of adsorbed Pb can be leached with distilled water in the organic matter and clay mineral dominated soil horizons, respectively. These results suggest that soil organic matter plays a decisive role in the adsorption of Pb, but the fixation by clay minerals is stronger.*This study was presented at the 20th European SEGH conference in Debrecen, Hungary, 2002.     

Urban geochemistry: A study of element distributions in the soils of tallinn (Estonia)

First results are presented from the Urban geochemistry of Tallinn, a project supported by the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO. The distribution of chemical elements in 532 samples of the topsoils from the territory of the biggest industrial centre of Estonia (pop. 500,000) is interpreted. Statistical analysis and mapping of major and trace elements at the territory of the Tallinn region and of the city were performed and background values and local anomalies of chemical elements on the territory were determined. The investigation focussed on the determination of zones with anomalously high concentrations of elements and the relationships of soil contamination with different pollution sources. The increase of the element concentrations has natural as well as anthropogenic origins. A detailed comparative analysis of the element distributions and the results of a factor analysis showed that the distribution of the major chemical elements depended mainly on the composition of the underlying sedimentary rocks.The territory of Tallinn is characterised by relatively high and widespread concentrations of Ba, Cr, Ga, Ni, Ti and Zn. Especially intensive local concentrations were determined for As, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, V and Zn, which are typical for the local pollution of the soils by industrial sources. The levels of As, Cr, Mn and V are more than three times. Pb and Zn are more than five times higher in the geochemical anomalies than for background levels. For the Tallinn region two major associations of elements connected with industrial pollutions of the soil are typical: the first association includes Ba, Cr, Mn, Ni and partly Fe and the second one includes As, Pb and Zn. For the city of Tallinn an increase of Ag, Ba, Be, La, Pb, Sn and Zn concentration in the soil was detected. Ba, Cr, Mn and Ni occur in high concentrations in the soils around Maardu. Different types of contamination sources can be identified in Tallinn and its suburbs.