GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SHALLOW GROUND WATER IN THE EUTAW AQUIFER,MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA1

ABSTRACT: Ground water samples were collected from 30 wells located in, or directly down gradient from, recharge areas of the Eutaw aquifer in Montgomery, Alabama. The major ion content of the water evolves from calcium‐sodium‐chloride‐dominated type in the recharge area to calcium‐bicarbonate‐dominated type in the confined portion of the aquifer. Ground water in the recharge area was under saturated with respect to aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals. Ground water in the confined portion of the aquifer was at equilibrium levels for calcite and potassium feldspar. Dissolved oxygen and nitrite‐plus‐nitrate concentrations decreased as ground water age increased; pH, iron, and sulfate concentrations increased as ground water age increased. Aluminum, copper, and zinc concentrations decreased as ground water age and pH increased. These relations indicate that nitrate, aluminum, copper, and zinc are removed from solution as water moves from recharge areas to the confined areas of the Eutaw aquifer. The natural evolution of ground water quality, which typically increases the pH and decreases the dissolved oxygen content, may be an important limiting factor to the migration of nitrogen based compounds and metals.     

Chemistry,Mineralogy and Morphology of Spodosols at Two Swedish Sites Used to Assess Methods of Counteracting Acidification

The chemistry, mineralogy and morphology of two soil profiles developed on till material of granitic and gneissic composition in south-western Sweden were studied in relation to podzolization processes. These soils were used for treatments with lime and wood ash. The profiles do not show characteristic Podzol morphology but qualify as Spodosols under Soil Taxonomy criteria and are probably typical for the coniferous forest soils of south-western Sweden. Podzolization features are clear but less well expressed than in classic Podzols. The distribution of major elements shows podzolization features with accumulation of sesquioxides in the B horizons and depletion in the eluvial horizons. Quartz and feldspars dominate the bulk soils reflecting the clear relationship between the composition of the soil and the underlying bedrock. Low amounts of clay contain an interlayered vermiculitic phase as the main phyllosilicate in which the degree of interlayering, known to be pH dependent, varies with depth and is at a maximum in the Bhs horizon. In the B horizons there are small but significant amounts of imogolite-type material which affect the adsorption of sulphate.     

The importance of chemical buffering for pelagic and benthic colonization in acidic waters

In poorly buffered areas acidification may occur for two reasons: through atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances and – in mining districts – through pyrite weathering. These different sources of acidity lead to distinct clearly geochemistry in lakes and rivers. In general, the geochemistry is the major determinant for the planktonic composition of the acidified water bodies, whereas the nutrient status mainly determines the level of biomass. A number of acidic mining lakes in Eastern Germany have to be neutralized to meet the water quality goals of the European Union Directives and to overcome the ecological degradation. This neutralization process is limnologically a short-term maturation of lakes, which permits biological succession to overcome two different geochemical buffer systems. First, the iron buffer system characterizes an initial state, when colonization starts: there is low organismic diversity and productivity, clear net heterotrophy in most cases. Organic carbon that serves as fuel for the food web derives mainly from allochthonous sources. In the second, less acidic state aluminum is the buffer. This state is found exceptionally among the hard water mining lakes, often as a result of deposition of acidifying substances onto soft water systems. Colonization in aluminum-buffered lakes is more complex and controlled by the sensitivity of the organisms towards both, protons and inorganic reactive aluminum species. In soft-water systems, calcium may act as antidote against acid and aluminum; however, this function is lost in hard water post mining lakes of similar proton concentrations. Nutrient limitations may occur, but these do not usually control qualitative and quantitative plankton composition. In these lakes, total pelagic biomass is controlled by the bioavailability of nutrients, particularly phosphorus.     

浙江省玄武岩母质土壤地球化学特征与开发利用关系的研究

玄武岩母质土壤肥力高,适于培植多种优质高产作物,是一种长期被忽视的重要土壤资源。在不同地球化学演化阶段的3种土壤类型上,开发利用条件有明显差别。弱风化淋溶的幼年土壤,多种营养元紊及其它肥力因子均较优越,具有更大的开发利用潜力。土壤高度富集氧化铁,含量为20.75％(n=23),游离态达9.08(n=18)。因此土壤“假砂”结构尤其发育,对开发利用有多种特殊影响。不同地质层位、岩性和新构造运动影响下的玄武岩母质土壤,地球化学变异很大,与合理开发利用关系密切,但以往对其重要性认识不够。     

云南墨江金矿床的同位素地球化学及成因探讨

墨江金矿的同位土地球化学特征、成矿元素组合和包裹体成分表明：成矿物质主要未源于金厂蚀变起基性岩体，成矿热液是深源流体、岩浆水和大气降水混合的产物。成矿期深部富矿化剂流体沿断裂上升并与地下水混合，从侵入体及围岩中淋滤出了成矿物质。在迁移过程中，随着地球化学条件的改变，金在有利部位沉淀富集形成矿床。墨江金矿床底混合热液改造型矿床。     

大别山北缘中生代火山侵入杂岩地球化学特征

大别山北缘中生代火山侵入杂岩是一套以中性、中酸性岩为主的岩石.富碱(特别是富钾),低Ti,LREE、LIL相对富集,而HREE、HFS则相对亏损是它们的基本特征.以高钾钙碱性系列、橄榄安粗岩系列为主体,及少量碱性系列.这套火山侵入杂岩的发育明显受磨子潭-晓天断裂等深大断裂所控制,是大别造山带发展演化的一个组成部分.从Ⅰ旋回到Ⅱ旋回,岩石化学成分K2O、SiO2、REE、Rb等不断增高,Ba、Sr、CaO、MgO等不断降低,岩浆成分具有向着富碱、富硅的方向演化趋势.     

新疆哈密双井子地区早石炭世火山岩及其地球化学特征

双井子地区位于星星峡－卡瓦布拉克地块、古生代岛弧东段北侧活动大陆边缘，分布着早石炭世裂陷盆地，有玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩及其凝灰岩，与金矿成矿有密切的关系。本文在区域地质背景分析基础上，着重对火山岩、火山碎屑岩及其地球化学特征进行系统研究，结果认为，该区安山岩、流纹岩及其凝灰岩为高硅富钾或钠贫铝钙碱－钙性火山岩系列，岩浆源区来自中下地壳；玄武岩则为富钠碱性正常基性类型火山岩系列，岩浆源区来自下地壳，两者为非平衡部分熔融岩浆演化产物。前者Ａｓ、Ｂｉ、Ｗ、Ａｇ、Ａｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｂ、Ｓｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｍｏ、Ｂａ、Ｓｎ、Ｒｂ、Ｔｅ等元素含量较高，有重要找矿前景；后者也可为成矿提供部分物质。这些认识，对该区火山岩特征、性质、成矿关系和构造背景，以及进一步找矿，都将有重要理论和实践指导意义。     

硅酸盐熔/流共存体系中元素分配系数研究的几个问题

随着实验地球化学的快速发展,元素在熔/流体系中的分配行为引起研究者的广泛关注。自二十世纪70年代以来,研究者对元素在硅酸盐熔/流体系中的分配行为进行了大量研究,并取得了一些重要成果。本文对近30年来国内外在该领域的研究现状进行了归纳、总结,探讨了固相组成、金属元素本身的物理化学性质、流体组分中阴、阳离子对硅酸盐熔/流体系中元素分配行为的影响,并指出了当前研究中存在的主要问题,希望对今后的实验研究起到一定的借鉴作用。     

关于成矿流体地球化学研究的几个问题

成矿流体地球化学是当前正蓬勃发展的流体地质学研究的一个重要分支。本文对八十年代以来国际上关于成矿流体地球化学研究的几个问题做了阐述，涉及到元素在熔体－溶液平衡体系中的分配、热水溶液系统中成矿元素的配合物形式及其主要影响因素，金属从成矿流体中沉淀机理研究等。提出了在成矿流体地球化学研究方面应重视的问题。     

高湖岩体侵位机制及其对地球化学特征的影响

高湖岩体在岩浆侵位过程中因受控构造发生变换而具有顶蚀与充填两种侵位形式。不同侵位形式将对岩石结构、矿物相对含量与特征 ;Ca、Fe、Si含量 ;轻重稀土比例和流体包裹体类型与温度等方面发生影响 ,使其呈现不同的地球化学特征