Urban geochemistry: research strategies to assist risk assessment and remediation of brownfield sites in urban areas

Urban geochemical maps of Wolverhampton and Nottingham, based on multielement analysis of surface soils, have shown distribution patterns of “total” metals concentrations relating to past and present industrial and domestic land use and transport systems. Several methods have been used to estimate the solubility and potential bioavailability of metals, their mineral forms and potential risks to urban population groups. These include sequential chemical extraction, soil pore water extraction and analysis, mineralogical analysis by scanning electron microscopy, source apportionment by lead isotope analysis and the development of models to predict metal uptake by homegrown vegetables to provide an estimate of risk from metal consumption and exposure. The results from these research strategies have been integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to provide data for future land-use planning.     

重庆雪玉洞岩溶地下河地球化学敏感性研究

引用地球化学敏感指数与敏感等值线的概念,对重庆雪玉洞地下河2010年9月～2011年8月的水化学数据进行分析,发现地下河水的化学成分受上覆基岩的控制,表现出高Ca2+、低Mg2+的特征,但受季风降雨的影响,水化学在旱、雨季存在较大差异:雨季各监测点[Mg2+]/[Ca2+](摩尔比)为0.018～0.051,旱季[Mg2+]/[Ca2+]为0.038～0.064,雨季要小于旱季;[HCO3-]/[SO42-](摩尔比)雨季为4.86～36.62,旱季为6.23～46.67,表现出高HCO3-低SO24-的特点.岩溶作用的季节性变化使得HCO3-、Ca2+成为最敏感的阴阳离子.由于岩溶区特殊的水文地质结构,雨水、地表水、地下水转化迅速,致使地下河对农业活动较为敏感,其中以Cl-、NO3-最为突出,敏感指数分别为0.286、0.022,在保护岩溶水资源时应引起重视.旅游活动对地下河的影响较小,主要与景区良好的管理有关,应提倡相关景区向其学习管理经验.做好地下河补给区的岩溶生态系统的管理工作,可发挥岩溶区地下河最大的经济与环境效益.     

河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究现状与问题

文章系统阐述了近30年来河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究方面取得的进展、现状及目前存在的问题,这些问题主要包括:河流锶同位素比值对于源岩的解释问题、河流锶元素含量及其同位素组成的全球参比值问题、不同的端元输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响以及不同制约因素及研究方法对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响等问题。根据目前的研究资料,笔者指出在进行河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究过程中应当:(1)考虑矿物岩石在风化过程中锶元素的释放特征及其同位素演化规律;(2)结合同位素地球化学及雨水化学方法对大气及人类活动输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的贡献进行校正;(3)开展主要流域的研究工作,尤其是不同构造、地质及气候背景条件不同流域间的对比研究,建立河流锶元素及其同位素组成区域参比值;(4)在研究方法上,应该对区域内降雨、岩石、土壤、沉积物及地下水中的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征进行系统分析,包括不同形态的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征的研究。     

松花江沉积物金属元素含量、污染及地球化学特征

研究了松花江沉积物常量和微量金属元素地球化学行为.从松花江采集39个沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc、V、Mn、Ti、AI、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na、K的总量,目的是阐明松花江吉林市至哈尔滨市河段沉积物金属元素含量和分布特征,考察元素之间的地球化学关系,探讨微量金属污染物区域基线用于定量分析沉积物微量金属元素的污染.松花江沉积物中有毒微量金属的浓度如:As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、V分别为2.7～11.5、0.05-1.38、4.8～14.7、15.9-78.9、2.4-75.4、0.01-1.27、21.8-403.1、6.2-35.8、12.6-124.4、22.1-108.0 mg/kg.由于人为干扰(污染).沉积物中Cd、Cu、Hg、Zn、Pb的时空分异高于常量元素.而且这些金属元素与其赋存矿物元素.如Fe、Mg、Sc之间的相关性降低了.本研究建立了沉积物中常见污染污染物As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、V的环境基线浓度,为定量估算松花江沉积物污染提供了理论依据.松花江沉积物中微量金属污染程度低于珠江和长江,与黄河近似.     

Element and mineral characterization of dust emission from the saline land at Songnen Plain, Northeastern China

Recent observations of Asian dust storms show an eastern expansion of the source area to degraded lands, where dust emissions have been little studied. The dust concentrations over the saline land of the western Songnen Plain (SSL), Northeastern China, are circumstantially higher than those from the northwestern Chinese deserts. These concentrations are sensitive to the surface soil conditions and wind velocity on the ground. The dust samples collected during dust storm events on the SSL contain abundant Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Ti, as well as toxic elements such as Cu, V, Zn and Ba. Individual particle analysis reveals that fine saline particles (< 10 μm in diameter) on the saline land, consisting largely of carbonate, halite and sulfate together with lithogenic minerals such as SiO₂ and aluminosilicate, are eventually uplifted during the interval from spring to autumn. The predominantly fine saline particles uplifted from the SSL are likely transported eastward by the winter monsoon circulation and westerlies. Recent degradation of saline lands in Northeastern China would not only increase the frequency of dust storm events in the downwind area, but also might change the chemical composition of the Asian dust emissions.     

Statistical Evaluation of Variables Affecting Occurrence of Hydrocarbons in Aquifers Used for Public Supply,California

The variables affecting the occurrence of hydrocarbons in aquifers used for public supply in California were assessed based on statistical evaluation of three large statewide datasets; gasoline oxygenates also were analyzed for comparison with hydrocarbons. Benzene is the most frequently detected (1.7%) compound among 17 hydrocarbons analyzed at generally low concentrations (median detected concentration 0.024 μg/l) in groundwater used for public supply in California; methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) is the most frequently detected (5.8%) compound among seven oxygenates analyzed (median detected concentration 0.1 μg/l). At aquifer depths used for public supply, hydrocarbons and MTBE rarely co‐occur and are generally related to different variables; in shallower groundwater, co‐occurrence is more frequent and there are similar relations to the density or proximity of potential sources. Benzene concentrations are most strongly correlated with reducing conditions, regardless of groundwater age and depth. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that benzene and other hydrocarbons detected in old, deep, and/or brackish groundwater result from geogenic sources of oil and gas. However, in recently recharged (since ~1950), generally shallower groundwater, higher concentrations and detection frequencies of benzene and hydrocarbons were associated with a greater proportion of commercial land use surrounding the well, likely reflecting effects of anthropogenic sources, particularly in combination with reducing conditions.     

Conjunctive Water Use in Confined Basalt Aquifers: An Evaluation Using Geochemistry,a Numerical Model,and Historical Water Level

As withdrawals from deep compartmentalized aquifers increasingly exceed recharge throughout the western United States, conjunctive water use management alternatives have become an applied research priority. This study highlights both details and limitations of the role of irrigation canal seepage as groundwater recharge, revealing the regional limitations of canal seepage as a dependable source of recharge in overdrawn aquifers. A suite of geochemical indicators were used together with a numerical model to evaluate current and future management scenarios focused on recharge derived from seepage from a region‐wide irrigation canal system. Twenty‐five years of static groundwater level data were used to relate spatial trends determined using geochemistry and groundwater modeling with “on‐the‐ground” management practices, which vary based on acreage, crop, and irrigation scheduling. Increasing groundwater age determined using isotope analysis, and declines in potentiometric heads, each correlate with increasing distance from the canal reaches. Predictive modeling indicates that if pumping is gradually reduced, as has been suggested by management agencies, that recharge from canal seepage will be negligible by 2035 due to regional groundwater through‐flow and the pattern of potentiometric head recovery. Unfortunately, historic hydrographs suggest that under current groundwater development conditions most wells are not sustainable, irrespective of proximity to the canal.     

太湖大浦口河口区沉积物中铁、磷的地球化学特征

对太湖西部大浦口河口区沉积物中的w(Fe2+),w(TP)和w(Fe-P)及间隙水中ρ(Fe2+)和ρ(PO₄3-)的空间及垂向分布特征进行了测定分析. 结果表明,上覆水中,河道的各项指标均大于湖区及河口,而在河道与河口沉积物中w(TP)基本相似,均小于湖区. 在河口沉积物垂向剖面上,存在约5,9及11 cm 的3个明显变化阶段. w(Fe-P)占w(TP)的16.7%～47.8%,与ρ(TP)的相关性较好(R0.526),但与其他指标的相关性并不明显. Fe-P是重要的磷形态,厌氧状态下有向间隙水解析扩散的潜力,并形成Fe3+与Fe2+间的转换. 间隙水中ρ(PO₄3-)与w(Fe-P)/w(TP)和ρ(Fe2+)存在非对应性,但与ρ(Fe)呈显著相关(R0.853).河口区PO₄3-的迁移转化受多种因素的作用,复杂的水动力活动和地球化学作用是主要控制因素.      

城乡融合区土壤元素地球化学特征与源解析:以天府新区青龙片区为例

城乡融合区是城市与农村的连接区域,是城市农产品最重要供给区,其土壤地球化学性质影响因素复杂.为此,以四川省天府新区青龙融合区为研究对象,共采集了 395个土壤样品,测定了 pH值、有机质(SOM)、全钾(TK)、速效钾(AK)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)、Se、B、V、Zn、Mn、Mo、...     

内江市威远县镇西镇土地整理区土地质量地球化学评估

本文以土地质量地球化学评估指标体系为研究内容,对内江市威远县镇西镇土地整理区的表层土壤地球化学特征、近地表大气降尘特征、水环境地球化学特征和大宗农产品等方面进行土地质量地球化学分等定级和评估。结果表明,研究区土地质量总体上良好,可划分为21l等、212等、221等、222等、311等、321等、312等、322等、41...