全球系统研究的某些动向及启示

扼要说明了当今全球系统研究的某些重要动向，包括全球气候变化，全球环境管理、历史环境变化及环境过程的综合研究，遥感和地理信息系统在全球系统研究中的应用，此外，就地理学工作者如何参与全球系统研究及地理学本身的建设提出了若干建议。     

The potential of remote sensing for monitoring land cover changes and effects on physical geography in the area of Kayisdagi Mountain and its surroundings (Istanbul)

The effect of land cover change, from natural to anthropogenic, on physical geography conditions has been studied in Kayisdagi Mountain. Land degradation is the most important environmental issue involved in this study. Most forms of land degradation are natural processes accelerated by human activity. Land degradation is a human induced or natural process that negatively affects the ability of land to function effectively within an ecosystem. Environmental degradation from human pressure and land use has become a major problem in the study area because of high population growth, urbanization rate, and the associated rapid depletion of natural resources. When studying the cost of land degradation, it is not possible to ignore the role of urbanization. In particular, a major cause of deforestation is conversion to urban land. The paper reviews the principles of current remote sensing techniques considered particularly suitable for monitoring Kayisdagi Mountain and its surrounding land cover changes and their effects on physical geography conditions. In addition, this paper addresses the problem of how spatially explicit information about degradation processes in the study area rangelands can be derived from different time series of satellite data. The monitoring approach comprises the time period between 1990 and 2005. Satellite remote sensing techniques have proven to be cost effective in widespread land cover changes. Physical geography and particularly natural geomorphologic processes like erosion, mass movement, physical weathering, and chemical weathering features etc. have faced significant unnatural variation.     

基于GIS技术的洪水淹没计算分析系统建立与应用

洪水淹没范围的计算分析是防汛救灾管理和灾害损失评估的核心任务,而利用高新技术对洪水进行监测管理、计算分析和灾害损失评估,一直是防汛应急管理工作的薄弱环节。为此,探讨防洪流域洪水淹没计算分析系统的解决方案和实现方法,对应用系统的软硬件环境、体系结构、系统内容、系统功能和技术特点等进行详细说明,采用较为成熟的模型技术和计算机手段,研究建立基于GIS技术的洪水淹没计算分析系统,实现多源数据管理、洪水演进模拟、淹没范围计算和灾害损失评估等功能,并在海子水库防汛救灾管理工作中运行良好。应用结果表明：所采用的技术方法和分析模型能准确地计算模拟洪水淹没范围;洪水淹没面积的计算精度以及灾害评估和预测分析的准确性主要取决于空间数据精度的优劣和相关统计数据的完备程度。     

小城镇生活垃圾填埋场优化布点

运用系统的观点对小城镇生活垃圾填埋场选址进行多因素、多层次的分析,建立了小城镇生活垃圾填埋场综合评判系统的层次结构模型,确定了小城镇生活垃圾填埋场布点的适宜度等级。以重庆市小城镇为研究对象,以区域性联合集中处理为前提,以22.2 km为县域镇区域联合半径,利用ArcCatalog和ArcMap软件对所收集到的数据进行了图形数字化、关键区域的提取、缓存区分析、建设地形适宜度分析和地质灾害区划分析,并进行了各影响因素图层的叠加计算和关键区域的叠加计算,最终得到了重庆市小城镇填埋场优化布点图,为有关部门提供决策支持。     

云南含笑群落的植物区系地理(英文)

云南含笑群落有维管植物85科、181属、289种。据科、属区系成分的分析的结果,这种群落主要为热带性质;种的区系组成主要由华西南特有、中国-喜马拉雅、华夏特有、东亚特有以及东亚至南亚与东南亚等成分构成。     

乌鲁木齐都市圈空间变化及其发展模式研究

以乌鲁木齐都市圈为例，基于1989-2002年的LandsatTM/ETM＋卫星影像和多期城市用地信息，运用GIS空间分析功能研究了都市圈宏观与微观层次的空间变化，得出以下结论：①1989-2002年间研究区内面积增加的用地主要有农业用地、城镇用地、农村居民点与道路，增加的部分主要来源于裸地、天然植被和原有农业用地。农业用地、城镇、农村居民点和道路向北部冲积平原扩张的趋势明显，建设用地的迅速扩张在一定程度上加剧了干旱区景观的破碎化。②1998-2006年间，都市圈内各城市用地面积总体上增幅不大，但是每个城市在某些局部方位用地增幅显著，并且有向核心城市趋近的现象。核心城市乌鲁木齐主要功能用地具有一定的圈层分布特征，周边中小城市还未形成圈层结构，但是昌吉和米泉在城市外围已有较为成型的工业集中区。③都市圈在空间发展中存在核心城市拓展受限、脆弱的生态格局受到胁迫和用地不合理布局的问题，针对这些问题提出区域发展“一体化”、城镇格局“大聚小散”和职能空间“重组化”的构想。     

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' WATER KNOWLEDGE1

ABSTRACT: This study examines the social construction of county commissioners' knowledge about water. Factors that influence what commissioners know about water include each commissioner's personal characteristics, education, experience in natural resources management, involvement in policy making, and use and evaluation of various sources of information. This study focused on county commissioners representing rural, mixed, and urban counties in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and collected data through mail surveys and interviews. County commissioners in the survey were well educated; however, few had taken college courses directly addressing technical, management, or legal aspects of water issues. Approximately one-third had direct experience in farming and ranching; nearly two-thirds indicated that farming and ranching played a major role in their communities. Respondents had experience with a broad range of water policy issues. In evaluating thirteen information sources in terms of their frequency of use, relevancy, and reliability, respondents assessed fellow commissioners and local government staff and managers most positively and nonprofit organizations most negatively. The media was also broadly rated as less relevant and reliable than other sources of information. The commissioners in the study expressed a high level of general concern about water issues and a strung preference for local sources of information.     

The role of water in the development of The Netherlands— a historical perspective

In this paper an overview is presented of the landscape development of the low-lying parts of The Netherlands. It is shown that water has played an important role in this development. Since prehistoric times, but especially since about 800 AD, man has gradually occupied the low lands along the sea and the main rivers. Through these settlements a chain of actions and reactions of man and his physical environment was set into motion. This chain of events is briefly outlined. It is stated and also illustrated that not only the characteristics of the landscape of the western part of The Netherlands, but also the organization of the Dutch society has been influenced strongly by manÕs need to cope with the omnipresence of water and the threats and opportunities posed by that. It is concluded that the outlined events can only be understood properly if interdisciplinary research takes a more prominent role than it does now.     

武汉市湿地景观格局变化研究

在遥感和地理信息系统支持下,利用1996年和2001年两个时期的Landsat TM假彩色合成影像作为信息源,选取斑块密度、斑块分维数、景观破碎度、景观多样性、优势度和均匀度等指标,对武汉市湿地景观格局的变化进行定量分析,并利用马尔科夫转移矩阵模型研究各类景观的转化情况。研究结果表明,1996~2001年间,该研究区的湿地景观格局在人类活动的影响下发生了较大变化,湖泊面积减小,人工湿地面积增加,湿地景观趋于破碎化,景观分布趋于均匀。