城市恐震心理分析与对策

本文以地震社会学、社会心理学与社会行为学等理论为基础，从分析我国城市地震灾害的特点入手，探讨城市恐震心理产生的原因、人们的行为表现以及对城市社会的影响，从而提出防止和消除城市恐震心理的对策途径。     

灾害综合研究讨论

本文着重讨论了灾害的成因综合分析问题。以地气耦合的观点在小区域中研究了甘肃天水１６５４年７级地震、甘肃武都１８７９年７级地震与当时大隆雨和大冰雹的相磁成因问题。从大区域中研究了１９５４年长江大水与同年６月１７日安徽合肥５级地震的震害特大的问题。又研究了河南驻马店、河北内邱、湖北五峰大水与构造的关系，并研究了该地区发生地裂缝地下气体逸出影响大气降水的成因问题。又以同样观点讨论了浙江登陆台风深入陕西延安地区与１９５７年１２月４日蒙古８．４级大地震发生的关系，并与日本的同类灾害作了对比，以论证地气耦合的综合灾害成因分析观点。     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地的区域自然灾害风险

黄河三角洲是中国典型的滨海河口湿地，具有重要的生态和经济意义。该区域自然灾害频繁，海岸侵蚀、海面上升、风暴潮和黄河断流等主要灾害风险因子之间密切相关。在它们的共同作用下，黄河三角洲滨海湿地面积不断减少，地表结构遭到破坏，生态特征发生改变，生态环境持续恶化，导致滨海湿地不断损失和退化。应从系统的角度认识黄河三角洲滨海湿地与区域自然灾害的关系，科学对待并切实缓解滨海湿地的损失和退化。     

自然灾害的认知模式探析

不同的历史时期，自然灾害的表现形式和造成的后果以及人的应对方式均有所不同，而对自然灾害的认知往往决定着人们如何应对灾害以及他们在抗灾减灾中的态度。根据自然灾害史，文章认为存在着3种灾害认知模式：灾害-牺牲；灾害-危害；灾害-损失，并对3种认知模式产生的根源进行了探析。     

基于Web服务的海量风暴潮灾害数据实时可视化研究

目前,风暴潮灾害的数值模拟给出的海量数据结果往往使得研究者难以理解,阻碍研究工作的深入进行,同时从应用角度也不能满足对灾害进行实时可视化的需求.因此,本文针对风暴潮灾害数值模拟的计算格式和结果数据特点,探讨了Web Service技术和可视化处理技术基础上为研究人员提供实时的风暴潮灾害数值模拟以及水位、流场的时空分布可...     

环境沉积学的研究现状及发展趋势研究

环境沉积学是沉积学与环境科学相结合而发展的一门新兴学科,已成为沉积学研究的前沿之一.本文认为地质灾害、水污染及海岸环境这三个方面是环境沉积学当前的研究热点,并围绕这三个方面展开论述,对减灾实践技术、水污染的研究内容和研究手段、海岸环境的研究进展等内容进行了综述,同时本文指出了环境沉积学研究的发展趋势,即静态与动态相结合,日趋动态化;定性与定量相结合,日趋精准化;区域与全球相结合,日趋全球化.     

Gauging the societal impacts of natural disasters using a capability approach

There is a widely acknowledged need for a single composite index that provides a comprehensive picture of the societal impact of disasters. A composite index combines and logically organizes important information policy‐makers need to allocate resources for the recovery from natural disasters; it can also inform hazard mitigation strategies. This paper develops a Disaster Impact Index (DII) to gauge the societal impact of disasters on the basis of the changes in individuals’ capabilities. The DII can be interpreted as the disaster impact per capita. Capabilities are dimensions of individual well‐being and refer to the genuine opportunities individuals have to achieve valuable states and activities (such as being adequately nourished or being mobile). After discussing the steps required to construct the DII, this article computes and compares the DIIs for two earthquakes of similar magnitude in two societies at different levels of development and of two disasters (earthquake and wind storm) in the same society.     

Effects of seismic intensity and socioeconomic status on injury and displacement after the 2007 Peru earthquake

Earthquakes are a major cause of displacement, particularly in developing countries. Models of injury and displacement can be applied to assist governments and aid organisations in effectively targeting preparedness and relief efforts. A stratified cluster survey was conducted in January 2008 to evaluate risk factors for injury and displacement following the 15 August 2007 earthquake in southern Peru. In statistical modelling, seismic intensity, distance to rupture, living conditions, and educational attainment collectively explained 54.9 per cent of the variability in displacement rates across clusters. Living conditions was a particularly significant predictor of injury and displacement, indicating a strong relationship between risk and socioeconomic status. Contrary to expectations, urban, periurban, and rural clusters did not exhibit significantly different injury and displacement rates. Proxies of socioeconomic status, particularly the living conditions index score, proved relevant in explaining displacement, likely due to unmeasured aspects of housing construction practices and building materials.     

Revealing the socioeconomic impact of small disasters in Colombia using the DesInventar database

Small disasters are usually the product of climate variability and climate change. Analysis of them illustrates that they increase difficulties for local development—frequently affecting the livelihoods of poor people and perpetuating their level of poverty and human insecurity—and entail challenges for a country's development. In contrast to extreme events, small disasters are often invisible at the national level and their effects are not considered as relevant from a macroeconomic standpoint. Nevertheless, their accumulated impact causes economic, environmental and social problems. This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the DesInventar database, developed in 1994 by the Network for Social Studies in Disaster Prevention in Latin America. In addition, it proposes a new version of the Local Disaster Index developed in 2005 within the framework of the Disaster Risk and Management Indicators Program for the Americas, with the support of the Inter‐American Development Bank.     

基于GIS的广西洪涝灾害孕灾环境敏感性评估

以灾害学理论为基础,GIS、RS为技术支持,利用1:5万基础地理信息数据、TM遥感影像数据,建立广西洪涝灾害孕灾环境敏感性评估指标体系;采用加权综合评价法计算洪涝灾害孕灾环境敏感性指数;运用自然断点法将广西洪涝孕灾环境敏感性划分为低敏感区、次低敏感区、中敏感区、次高敏感区、高敏感区等5个区域;用广西历史洪涝灾害频率分布数据进行对比验证。结果表明,敏感区划结果与洪涝灾害频率区划结果基本吻合。