升流式厌氧污泥层反应器水力混合特性研究

对升流式氧污泥层反应器在常温下处理生活污水启动，培养颗粒污泥及运行的水力混合问题进行了系统研究，试验结果表明，当ＨＲＴ在４．２８－１１．７０ｈ时，死区容积只占反应器总容积的２．１％－６．７＾。反应器在实际运行中可忽略不良水力混合的影响，水力负荷和沼气容积产量共同影响水流流速在升流方向上的均匀性，它们在离散数Ｄ之间存在着如下关系；Ｄ＝０．００３３Ｌ＋０．０４５Ｇ＋０．０７３。     

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill ettluent (POME).The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d,with organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand,high COD removal of 91% Was obtained at two days’ of hydraulic retention time (HRT),and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).On the other hand,only 46% COD in raw POME Was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% (v/v).A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane Was 56%.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed in the later operation stage,and this Was settled by supplementing trace metal elements.On the whole,the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity.Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.     

Degradation kinetics and mechanism of trace nitrobenzene by granular activated carbon enhanced microwave/hydrogen peroxide system

The kinetics of the degradation of trace nitrobenzene (NB) by a granular activated carbon (GAC) enhanced microwave (MW)/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system was studied. Effects of pH, NB initial concentration and tert-butyl alcohol on the removal efficiency were examined. It was found that the reaction rate fits well to first-order reaction kinetics in the MW/GAC/H₂O₂ process. Moreover, GAC greatly enhanced the degradation rate of NB in water. Under a given condition (MW power 300 W, H₂O₂ dosage 10 mg/L, pH 6.85 and temperature (60±5)℃), the degradation rate of NB was 0.05214 min^-1 when 4 g/L GAC was added. In general, alkaline pH was better for NB degradation; however, the optimum pH was 8.0 in the tested pH value range of 4.0-12.0. At H₂O₂ dosage of 10 mg/L and GAC dosage of 4 g/L, the removal of NB was decreased with increasing initial concentrations of NB, indicating that a low initial concentration was beneficial for the degradation of NB. These results indicated that the MW/GAC/H₂O₂ process was effective for trace NB degradation in water. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that a hydroxyl radical addition reaction and dehydrogenation reaction enhanced NB degradation.     

原油污染土壤的颗粒活性炭增强微波热修复研究

利用微波加热技术的加热速度快、内外同时加热及选择性加热特点,快速修复原油污染土壤并将污染油有效回收.在污染土壤中加入一定量的强微波吸收体——颗粒活性炭,提高土壤体系利用微波的能力,使土壤在微波场中加热到较高温度,从而去除污染油并将其在冷凝装置中冷凝回收.考察了相关参数对修复效果的影响及污染油的回收情况.结果表明,在颗粒活性炭剂量(质量分数)为10.0%、微波功率为800 W、系统压力为0.08 MPa、载气流速为150 mL·min^-1条件下,该修复方法可在15 min内将土壤中污染油去除99%以上;同时将91%左右的污染油回收,与初始污染油相比,回收油的化学组成没有明显变化.此外,研究结果显示,颗粒活性炭可重复用于增强微波热修复污染土壤且重复使用中其增强能力基本不变.     

厌氧颗粒污泥对有机物的初期吸附

在实验室条件下,以静态、序批的方法研究了厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中有机物的初期吸附特性及环境条件对吸附能力的影响.结果表明.与好氧活性污泥相似,厌氧颗粒污泥对有机物的初期吸附速度很快,在10min左右就能达到假定的吸附平衡.初期吸附作用的类型主要表现为物理吸附,占总吸附去除COD的70%左右,其吸附等温线与Freundlich型拟合得较好(R2=0.9702).pH是影响吸附的重要因素,在pH值为5～9的范围内,吸附量较大.平均为131.19mg·g-1.,当pH值大于9或小于5时,吸附量逐渐下降;温度对吸附也有一定的影响,但影响程度不明显.     

提高有机负荷对好氧颗粒污泥形成与稳定过程的影响

本研究在柱形SBR反应器中接种市政污水厂活性污泥,以乙酸钠为碳源,考察了逐步提高进水有机负荷(OLR)对好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)形成的影响,并分析了污泥外观形态、微生物活性与胞外聚合物(EPS)组成的演化规律.结果表明,当进水OLR在3.20~4.84 kg·(m3·d)-1时,污泥粒径的增长速率最快.更高的OLR将导致絮状污泥的大量出现,需辅以应急性排泥,才能保持AGS在反应器中的主导地位.成熟AGS的污泥浓度(MLSS)、污泥体积指数(SVI30)、平均粒径、沉降速率和比耗氧速率(SOUR)分别达到23.9 g·L-1、20 m L·g-1、1.4 mm、102 m·h-1和50.2 mg·(g·h)-1.污泥颗粒化过程不仅使污泥形态发生了根本变化,也显著增强了微生物活性.在此期间,胞外聚合物中PN、PS含量的变化对生物量累积、颗粒生长表现出良好的响应关系.充分发挥EPS组分的指示功能,将有助于优化现有AGS的培养方法.     

水解酸化对好氧颗粒污泥形成及脱氮除磷的影响

为研究水解酸化对AGS（好氧颗粒污泥）的形成及其脱氮除磷效果的影响,分别采用R1+R2两段式[HUSB（升流式水解酸化池）-SBR]和R3一段式（SBR）方式培养AGS,研究了不同基质下形成的AGS的脱氮除磷效果,并通过高通量测序对水解酸化污泥（R1）和R2、R3运行初期（12 d）与运行后期（97 d）的AGS微生物群落结构进行解析.结果表明,当进水基质为葡萄糖时,R1+R2两段式和R3一段式都能够成功地培养出颗粒致密、沉降性能好的AGS.接种活性污泥后的第13天R2反应器中形成粒径为>1.0~1.6 mm的颗粒污泥,而R3反应器仍以絮状污泥为主;颗粒污泥成熟后,R2中AGS的粒径增长至1.0~2.0 mm间,R3的粒径主要分布在>1.0~1.6 mm间.两种颗粒污泥对COD_Cr和NH₃-N均有很好的去除效果,去除率均接近100%.R2对TN和TP的去除率分别为88.5%和72.8%,明显高于R3（67.2%和60.1%）;R2出水ρ（TN）最低可达3 mg/L,ρ（TP）可达1.1 mg/L.高通量测序结果表明,Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes门始终是主要菌种;随着好氧颗粒污泥的成熟,R2和R3的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著增加;R2中成熟后AGS的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高（5.40）,表现出良好的生物多样性和系统稳定性.研究表明,水解酸化为AGS的形成提供了关键基质,促进了好氧污泥颗粒化,培养出的AGS运行稳定,脱氮除磷效果好,微生物种群丰富.      

同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷工艺的快速启动及其运行特征

以低COD/N生活污水(C/N为3∶1~4∶1)为进水基质,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),通过逐步降低溶解氧(DO)浓度的方式快速实现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷.反应器运行20 d后(DO浓度为0.50~1.0mg·L-1),系统出现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷的现象.在随后运行的40 d里,反应器对废水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.84%、93.51%、77.06%和85.69%;出水NO-3-N和NO-2-N平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和3.17 mg·L-1.反应器启动运行后期,污泥体积指数(SVI)为55.22 m L·g-1,沉降性能良好,颗粒结构较完整.不同氮源的周期曝气阶段结果表明,对TN的去除率为NH+4-NNO-2-NNO-3-N;对TP的去除率为NO-3-NNO-2-NNH+4-N,反应器主要以同步硝化反硝化脱氮和反硝化方式除磷.     

胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒化中的作用机理

在上流式反应器中培养好氧颗粒污泥,研究胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒污泥中的作用.结果表明,胞外多聚物有机组成中蛋白质与总糖的比值在颗粒污泥形成过程中增加了近2.5倍,它是影响颗粒污泥形成的重要因素.蛋白质与总糖比值增加,则污泥表面负电荷降低、疏水性增加,有利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成和稳定.     

好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的生化性研究

将人工培养的好氧颗粒污泥进行饥饿试验,研究EPS的可生化性.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥EPS是由40%可生物降解EPS和60%不可生物降解EPS组成的,其中可生物降解EPS可作为颗粒污泥自身的能源,而不可生物降解EPS则不行,但其对颗粒污泥的立体结构有巨大作用.将从新鲜好氧颗粒污泥中提取的EPS投加到好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥中,提取的EPS均可被两者作为碳源利用,且活性污泥对EPS的利用速率是好氧颗粒污泥的1.5倍;而从饥饿好氧颗粒中提取的EPS作为两者碳源时,均没有明显的利用效果,说明不可生物降解的EPS不能作为两者的能源.