Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Effect of monotoxicity and mixtoxicity of nitroaromatics to the green algae, Scienedesmus obliquus

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关于环保行政管理部门推行ISO14001标准的建议

文章提出推行ISO14001标准,实施环境管理体系认证,不仅对减少污染物的产生与排放、资源能源的节约、保护环境资源起到了重要作用,而且对改善环境管理模式,提高管理水平,特别是环境管理水平起到了重要作用,分析了环保行政管理部门推行ISO14001标准必须具备一定的条件、目的和意义,强调指出绿色行政是行政管理部门工作的目标,ISO14001标准是行政管理部门实现绿色行政的工具与保证,对环保行政管理部门推行ISO14001标准在实施过程中的若干问题进行了讨论和建议.     

山东省高速公路主要绿化树木叶片硫、铅含量分析

汽车尾气会给高速公路路域环境带来一定程度的硫(S)、铅(Pb)污染,而绿化树木可通过吸收作用从而有效降低这些污染物在空气中的含量,目前这方面的研究较少。对山东省高速公路路侧主要绿化树木叶片S、P质量分数的研究表明,I107杨树(Populus Linn.)叶片S、Pb质量分数与高速公路车流量呈显著正相关。I107杨树叶片S、Pb质量分数对高速公路路域环境污染具有一定指示作用,不同路段杨树叶片的S、Pb质量分数存在明显差异,济青高速公路路侧杨树叶片的S、Pb质量分数最高,其次是京沪高速,最低的是日东高速。I107杨和龙柏对S污染物的吸收能力较强,其次是垂柳(Salix babylonica L.),较差的是紫叶李(Prunus cerasifera cv.Pissardii.)、大叶女贞(Ligustrum lucidumAit)和雪松(Cedrus deodara(Roxb.)Loud);而I107杨和紫叶李对Pb的吸收能力较强。     

嫌气条件下土壤中有机还原性物质的动态变化

利用示差脉冲伏安法研究了不同有机物料在嫌气培养条件下产生的有机还原性物质的动态变化．结果表明：在培养起始阶段，强还原性有机物质的数量迅速增加，以后逐渐下降．不同有机物料所产生的有机还原性物质的强度和数量各不相同。培养初期，有机还原性物质种类较多，长时间培养后，部分还原能力较弱的有机物质消失。长时间培养后。嫌气培养液中强还原性有机物质可能与金属离子作用，使其活性降低。     

鲁南经济带城乡绿色发展效率时空分异及驱动因素识别

城乡绿色发展效率对高效低耗绿色发展模式构建、社会经济可持续发展以及实现城乡互动融合具有重要意义。基于鲁南经济带35个县（市、区）13 a面板数据,综合采用DEA-Malmquist指数法、城乡绿色发展效率脱钩状态模型、地理探测器等多种计量模型,对2005—2017年鲁南经济带城乡绿色发展效率时空分异特征与驱动因素进行综合研究,结果表明：（1）技术进步是鲁南经济带绿色TFP增长的主要来源,但其贡献度不断下降,而纯技术效率与规模效率对于绿色TFP增长的促进作用逐年增强;（2）研究期内鲁南经济带绿色TFP增长具有空间分异性,绿色TFP的高效率区和次高效率区有向东北和西南地区集中的趋势;（3）鲁南经济带城乡绿色发展效率的脱钩关系出现反复,由负脱钩（耦合）到脱钩再到负脱钩,整体上城乡绿色发展处于动态变化与非协调（或低级耦合）阶段;（4）普通中学在校学生数、粮食产量、城乡居民储蓄存款余额是城乡绿色发展效率的高作用力影响指标,因子交互作用后对城乡绿色发展效率解释力远超单因子,反映出鲁南经济带城乡绿色发展效率的驱动因素具有复杂性特征。     

How Hydrologic Connectivity Regulates Water Quality in River Corridors

Downstream flow in rivers is repeatedly delayed by hydrologic exchange with off‐channel storage zones where biogeochemical processing occurs. We present a dimensionless metric that quantifies river connectivity as the balance between downstream flow and the exchange of water with the bed, banks, and floodplains. The degree of connectivity directly influences downstream water quality — too little connectivity limits the amount of river water exchanged and leads to biogeochemically inactive water storage, while too much connectivity limits the contact time with sediments for reactions to proceed. Using a metric of reaction significance based on river connectivity, we provide evidence that intermediate levels of connectivity, rather than the highest or lowest levels, are the most efficient in removing nitrogen from Northeastern United States’ rivers. Intermediate connectivity balances the frequency, residence time, and contact volume with reactive sediments, which can maximize the reactive processing of dissolved contaminants and the protection of downstream water quality. Our simulations suggest denitrification dominantly occurs in riverbed hyporheic zones of streams and small rivers, whereas vertical turbulent mixing in contact with sediments dominates in mid‐size to large rivers. The metrics of connectivity and reaction significance presented here can facilitate scientifically based prioritizations of river management strategies to protect the values and functions of river corridors.     

A new index for assessing the contribution of energy efficiency in LEED 2009 certified green buildings to achieving UN sustainable development goals in Jordan

Jordan faces stringent energy challenges mainly in the form of import dependence and escalating demand. The building sector accounts for 58% of total national electricity consumption and therefore plays an important role in addressing these challenges. This article investigates how energy efficiency in green buildings certified by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system contribute towards achieving United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Jordan. Furthermore, this paper proposes a new Comprehensive Contribution to Sustainable Development Index (CCSDI) to assess the contributions of implementation of the LEED 2009 prerequisites and credits in the Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category to achieve UN SDGs in Jordan. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to obtain data. Relative Importance Index (RII) method was used to evaluate the contributions of LEED 2009 prerequisites and credits in the EA category. Results indicate a positive relationship between the LEED 2009 prerequisites and credits in category and UN SDGs 7?9 and 12?13. We conclude that our proposed CCSDI is a robust tool for assessing the contribution of energy efficiency in LEED 2009 certified green buildings towards achieving UN SDGs in Jordan.     

国家运输支撑力下的陆上丝绸之路运输通道风险测算方法

丝绸之路运输通道风险测算可有效分析通道风险因素,为国际运输宏观政策制定及风险管控提供理论支撑。针对25个国家的7条运输通道,结合文献分析法获取国家运输节点风险的影响因素,利用因子分析法量化综合风险;基于运输通道风险构成机制结合多维度的不均衡指数构建国家运输支撑力下的运输通道风险测度模型。结果表明:北线和西1通道风险最小,南线通道风险最大;运输通道风险测度受国家数目、国家参与程度及其影响力及国家风险状态影响;各运输通道内部与通道间均存在风险不均衡现象。     

基于消防规划的东京防火对策与启示

为推动中国城市火灾防范能力提升,通过介绍日本东京借助消防规划手段进行防火救火的先进经验,并对其防火生活圈、防火绿化带、紧急通道网络、不易燃烧化项目、防灾体制与计划等防火对策经验进行阐述,同时基于这些方面内容的阐述发现我国城市火灾防范领域尚存在很大空间。基于这些分析和阐述,最后指出东京防火经验对中国的可借鉴之处,并为中国的消防规划防火之路提供一个参考方向。