基于TM遥感影像的广州市城区公园增湿效应研究

选取广州市城区17个公园作为研究对象,分析了公园对周边环境的增湿效应。结果表明,公园周边与公园边界点的空气湿度差随着其远离公园边界距离的增大而增加,且增长趋势逐渐减缓,拟合曲线近似于一条过原点的三次多项式（R2〉0.80）。绿化率大于50%、长宽比接近1的公园,其平均增湿范围和增湿湿度差均与绿地面积存在显著的正线性关系（R2分别为0.94和0.77）。水体面积比例较大或长宽比较大（约≥2）的公园,比同等条件下水体面积较小或长宽比较小的公园（≈1）增湿效果好。     

基于环境影响的绿化物流成本初探

作为物流服务价值的重要组成部分,物流成本受到相关企业的普遍重视,物流成本核算对于制定科学合理的微观物流策略、提高企业经济运行质量和效率具有重要意义。然而作为物流成本核算的基础,当前的微观物流成本构成中并未考虑企业物流活动的环境影响,不能真正反映物流活动的全部成本,从而影响了企业的可持续健康发展。基于资源环境的价值理论,提出应以绿化物流成本来衡量企业物流活动的全部消耗,即在微观物流成本构成中考虑环境成本,并给出了微观绿化物流成本的基本公式。     

建筑物条形走廊烟气运动特性研究

建筑物走廊是火灾时人员疏散的必经之路,了解走廊烟气的运动规律,对人员疏散与救援具有重大意义。本文对走廊内的火灾烟气进行了数值模拟,得出了不同排烟场景下走廊烟气质量分数及烟气温度的分布情况。研究表明:挡烟垂壁在火灾初期能有效地阻止烟气蔓延;由于其蓄烟作用,应该将其设置在走廊中部。但随着火势的不断扩大,挡烟垂壁效果逐渐减弱,此时必须增设机械排烟机才能及时排出烟气。对比不同机械排烟场景可知,为达到更好的排烟效果,机械排烟口应该设置在挡烟垂壁上游。最后将模拟结果与实验结果对比,验证了本文结论的正确性。     

城市绿化的发展思路 --绿色空间建设

分析了传统城市绿化过程中存在的对城市绿化理解的不足,提出了城市绿色空间的概念,是对城市绿化概念的拓展。分析了目前我国城市绿化存在的一些问题,并针对这些问题,对传统园林绿化忽略的一些问题进行了论述,指出城乡交错带的绿化、城市自然保留地、特殊空间绿化、绿色廊道建设、郊野公园建设、废弃地的绿化等是城市绿化重要的有机组成部分,在城市绿化建设过程中应该得到重视     

海河下游塘沽段生态堤岸设计导则

针对海河下游塘沽段堤岸现状,提出该河段堤岸设计导则。该导则适用于从城市高密区到城乡结合区、滨河约15～80m宽度范围,便于城市规划人员在具体地块设计中选用并衍生发展。导则内容包括:(1)导引表;(2)9种堤岸和滨水道路断面推荐设计,根据近岸有无防洪缓冲带、近岸道路特征及护岸形式划分;(3)7种推荐护岸做法,如石笼沉排柔性缓坡护岸、连根树桩与截柳杆柔性缓坡护岸等。导则所推荐的亲水型生态堤岸,可兼顾防洪和河流水质改善作用,有效降低堤防高度,提高河滨人居质量。     

城市公园对城市热岛的影响及三维分析--以广州市主城区为例

随着城市的快速发展,城市热岛（UHI）问题越来越突出,如何缓解城市发展所带来的热岛效应加剧,提高居民健康生活质量,改善人居环境,已成为全民关注的重点生态环境问题。在高度发达的城市区域,绿地对城市热岛具有明显的降温效应,因此对其进行定量研究具有重要意义。文章基于遥感和 GIS 的方法,通过热环境反演和空间统计分析,以广州市主城区30块主要城市公园为研究对象,分别从城市绿地形态、城市绿地缓冲区和热环境三维分析3个方面研究了城市绿地对城市热岛的影响。结果显示：城市绿地形态（面积,周长,形状指数）与公园的温度具有较强的对数相关性,并且随着三者的增大,绿地内部均温和最低温度均降低,并且呈现“饱和”趋势;通过对城市公园斑块建立3个缓冲区（120、240、360 m）,并进行缓冲区内的均温统计发现,30个城市公园的温度变化呈现出3种情形,即自内向外变高、变低和不变;最后,为了更好的解释上述3种情形,引入三维热环境分析,对3种情形分别选取代表性公园进行分析,总结其空间分布规律,结合相关数据对产生的这种结果进行了简要分析。本文的主要创新点,在对城市公园与热环境关系传统分析的基础上,引入三维的分析方法,能够更加清晰的展示二者的关系,为未来的相关研究提供一定的借鉴。     

庆安县绿色食品产地环境质量预警研究

绿色食品产地环境质量预警是对自然变化、人类活动影响所引起的环境质量恶化进行预测,并及时提出警告.本文以国家级生态农业示范区庆安县的绿色食品产地为例,依据1993-2003年庆安县绿色食品产地环境质量监测数据及其状态转移矩阵,采用马尔可夫链模型预测未来5年环境质量状态发生概率,对该研究区进行环境质量负向演化预警研究.结果发出了巨宝村、东阳村和泥河农场的环境质量负向演化的预警信号.据此进行了警因分析并提出排警建议,为环境规划和管理部门提供科学治理依据和辅助决策.     

Landscape network congruency at the ecoregion scale: can we expect corridor ‘umbrellas’?

Conservation planners are faced with numerous choices regarding ‘what to connect’ when modeling landscape networks on an ecoregion scale. A simplifying assumption is often that coarse-scale corridors may provide overlapping or ‘umbrella’ effects for multiple conservation scenarios. To examine this, we assessed differences in connectivity models arising from four different conservation scenarios for the transboundary Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion (330,000 km²). Models resulted in networks comprised of varying levels of connectedness, suggesting the presence of local connectivity at several sub-ecoregion scales, but diminished ecoregion-scale connectivity. Our results also indicate that selecting ‘what to connect’ at the ecoregion scale strongly influences the location and extent of modeled corridors. Further, our evidence suggests that landscape networks derived for one scenario are not likely to produce far-reaching corridor umbrellas or highly coincident landscape networks for alternative conservation scenarios with varying goals. As a result, alternative landscape networks should not be considered functionally equivalent.     

Coupling PCSWMM and WASP to Evaluate Green Stormwater Infrastructure Impacts to Storm Sediment Loads in an Urban Watershed

We coupled rainfall–runoff and instream water quality models to evaluate total suspended solids (TSS) in Wissahickon Creek, a mid‐sized urban stream near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Using stormwater runoff and instream field data, we calibrated the model at a subdaily scale and focused on storm responses. We demonstrate that treating event mean concentrations as a calibration parameter rather than a fixed input can substantially improve model performance. Urban stormwater TSS concentrations vary widely in time and space and are difficult to represent simply. Suspended and deposited sediment pose independent stressors to stream biota and model results suggest that both currently impair stream health in Wissahickon Creek. Retrofitting existing detention basins to prioritize infiltration reduced instream TSS loads by 20%, suggesting that infiltration mitigates sediment more effectively than detention. Infiltrating stormwater from 30% of the watershed reduced instream TSS loads by 47% and cut the frequency of TSS exceeding 100 mg/L by half. Settled loads and the frequency of high TSS values were reduced by a smaller fraction than suspended loads and duration at high TSS values. A widely distributed network of infiltration‐focused projects is an effective stormwater management strategy to mitigate sediment stress. Coupling rainfall–runoff and water quality models is an important way to integrate watershed‐wide impacts and evaluate how management directly affects urban stream health.     

Responses of oxidative stress,genotoxicity and immunotoxicity as biomarkers in Theba pisana snails dietary exposed to silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are now being of a great interest by ecotoxicological researchers. Their potential hazards to humans and other non-target organisms had led to crucial concerns. In this research, white radish leaf extract was used for the green synthesis of AgNPs. UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been utilised to characterise the biosynthesised AgNPs. Furthermore, the present study aimed to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of 1?mM biosynthesised AgNPs on the land snail, Theba pisana after two weeks of exposure and one week recovery with respect to oxidative stress parameters; lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), cytogenetic parameters; DNA content and micronucleus test, as well as immunological parameters; cell death, phagocytosis, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), lectins, superoxide anion (O₂^?) generation, phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD) and haemocyanin (Hc) were examined. AgNPs have been biosynthesised successfully; the UV–vis spectrum exhibited a single and broad absorption band located between 375 and 415?nm, TEM image shows AgNPs formed were nearly spherical in shape with a mean size of 2.18–19.87?nm and the crystalline nature of nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD. After two weeks exposure, the result showed that AgNPs significantly increased LPO level as well as CAT and GST activities, cell death, cell abnormalities and Hc level, whereas, significant decline was found in DNA and GSH contents, phagocytic activity, LMS, lectins, O₂^? generation, POD and PO activities compared to the controls. After a week of recovery, most of the tested biomarkers in AgNP-exposed snails did not completely return to the control levels. The multiple measured parameters could be effectively used as sensitive biomarkers in the risk assessment of contaminants in the terrestrial ecosystem.