杭州快速路、主次干道植物群落降噪功能比较研究

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在改善城市生态系统方面有重要作用。现今交通是城市环境中的主要噪声来源,城市道路绿地是交通噪声治理的有效方式之一。本文选取杭州市西湖区不同等级的三条道路(紫金港路、天目山路和丰潭路)作为研究对象,利用手持噪声测量仪测量实时噪声对不同道路等级和距离的绿地降噪效果进行分析。研究发现,杭州市三条道路存在以下问题:(1)噪声距离道路越远越低,且噪声平均衰减率表明绿地降噪效果为主干道次干道快速路;(2)配置模式为乔木+灌木+地被的绿地植物群落的降噪效果最佳,且乔木和灌木交错的种植形式在降噪效果上优于灌木在前、乔木在后的排列式种植;(3)当道路绿地宽达到15m时,植物群落降噪效果会有大幅度提升,且快速路与次干道在距离为15m处,植物群落降噪能力最佳。     

国外屋顶绿化推广的政策分析与启示

分析了屋顶绿化的生态价值和经济效益,介绍了国内外屋顶绿化政策及实施情况,探讨了如何在我国城市化进程中,通过相关政策和技术标准的运用,不断推广屋顶绿化,充分发挥其对城市环境保护和生态服务的作用。     

浅谈电子废物变废为宝的绿色途径

电子废弃物已成为城市环境的新压力。本文从加强立法、生产者负责制以及建立健康绿色的废旧电子回收体系三方面分析电子废物变废为宝的绿色途径,从而推动电子废物资源化、无害化发展。     

湿法烟气脱硫系统设计中应注意的问题

简要介绍了电厂石灰石一石膏烟气湿法脱硫系统的组成,对湿法烟气脱硫系统设计和运行中容易出现的一些问题进行了分析,并提出相应的对策,以供脱硫系统设计和运行人员借鉴。     

Nature and prevalence of non-additive toxic effects in industrially relevant mixtures of organic chemicals

The concentration addition (CA) and the independent action (IA) models are widely used for predicting mixture toxicity based on its composition and individual component dose–response profiles. However, the prediction based on these models may be inaccurate due to interaction among mixture components. In this work, the nature and prevalence of non-additive effects were explored for binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures composed of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs). The toxicity of each individual component and mixture was determined using the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay. For each combination of chemicals specified by the 2ⁿ factorial design, the percent deviation of the predicted toxic effect from the measured value was used to characterize mixtures as synergistic (positive deviation) and antagonistic (negative deviation). An arbitrary classification scheme was proposed based on the magnitude of deviation (d) as: additive (10%, class-I) and moderately (10 < d  30%, class-II), highly (30 < d  50%, class-III) and very highly (>50%, class-IV) antagonistic/synergistic. Naphthalene, n-butanol, o-xylene, catechol and p-cresol led to synergism in mixtures while 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene and 1, 3-dimethylnaphthalene contributed to antagonism. Most of the mixtures depicted additive or antagonistic effect. Synergism was prominent in some of the mixtures, such as, pulp and paper, textile dyes, and a mixture composed of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The organic chemical industry mixture depicted the highest abundance of antagonism and least synergism. Mixture toxicity was found to depend on partition coefficient, molecular connectivity index and relative concentration of the components.     

汶川地震中房屋建筑震害特征及抗震设计思考

汶川5·12特大地震造成了为数众多的建筑物不同程度的损坏。地震发生后,四川大学随即组织了现场勘查队奔赴受灾最为严重的地区了解建筑物的受损情况。本文基于大量的现场勘查资料介绍了砌体结构、框架结构、底框或局部底框砌体结构及楼梯间的震害特点。在定性分析的基础上提出以下观点:合理设计和施工的砌体结构有可能获得良好的抗震性能;按现行规范设计的钢筋混凝土框架结构难以实现"强柱弱梁"的要求;填充墙对框架抗震性能有显著的影响;在地震区应慎用底框砌体结构;合理的结构布置和施工质量是结构获得良好抗震性能的前提;仅用延性系数来衡量结构抗震性能具有一定的片面性;楼梯间结构设计宜考虑地震作用的影响。     

Linking Theory and Practice for Restoration of Step-Pool Streams

Step-pools sequences are increasingly used to restore stream channels. This increase corresponds to significant advances in theory for step-pools in recent years. The need for step-pools in stream restoration arises as urban development encroaches into steep terrain in response to population pressures, as stream channels in lower-gradient areas require stabilization due to hydrological alterations associated with land-use changes, and as step-pools are recognized for their potential to enhance stream habitats. Despite an increasingly voluminous literature and great demand for restoration using step-pool sequences, however, the link between theory and practice is limited. In this article, we present four unique cases of stream restoration using step-pools, including the evolution of the approaches, the project designs, and adjustments in the system following restoration. Baxter Creek in El Cerrito, California demonstrates an early application of artificial step-pools in which natural adjustments occurred toward geomorphic stability and ecological improvement. Restoration of East Alamo Creek in a large residential development near San Ramon, California illustrates an example of step-pools increasingly used in locations where such a channel form would not naturally occur. Construction of a step-pool channel in Karnowsky Creek within the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon overcame constraints posed by access and the type and availability of materials; the placement of logs allowed natural scouring below steps. Dry Canyon Creek on the property of the Mountains Restoration Trust in Calabasas, California afforded a somewhat experimental approach to designing step-pools, allowing observation and learning in the future. These cases demonstrate how theories and relationships developed for step-pool sequences over the past two decades have been applied in real-world settings. The lessons from these examples enable us to develop considerations useful for deriving an appropriate course of design, approval, and construction of artificial step-pool systems. They also raise additional fundamental questions concerning appropriate strategies for restoration of step-pool streams. Outstanding challenges are highlighted as opportunities for continuing theoretical work.     

南京典型古建筑的消防现状调查和消防对策

通过对江苏南京代表性古建筑朝天宫、甘熙故居、鸡鸣寺和净觉寺的实地深入调查,从结构、材料、内容、布局和环境等方面分析了古建筑普遍存在的火灾危险性,考察了古建筑中现代消防设施建设、消防资金投入、消防管理措施和现代消防材料和技术应用的现状,发现多数古建筑在消防防护方面仍处于保守、常规、落后和消极的状态。为实现对古建筑价值的最大限度保护,应从消防安全布局、消防站建设、消防通道设计、消防给水供应、消防通讯保障、消防装备配置等方面进行性能化设计和规划;在遵循“修旧如旧”的修缮和维护原则下,需要勇于尝试和接纳纳米材料等新型化学保护材料和技术。     

海洋石油污染处理方法优化配置及具体案例应用

海洋石油污染成为海洋污染的主要类型,对海洋水生环境造成了极大的破坏,而溢油成为石油进入海洋的主要方式,如何对溢油事故进行有效的预防和处理成为治理海洋污染的关键所在.本文对当今处理溢油使用的物理法、化学法、自然降解法、生物处理法、燃烧法等进行了介绍,详细考察了各种处理方法的适用条件,以及在限制条件下如何对各种选择方法进行优化组合.文章同时对"11.14"重大船舶溢油污染事故实际案例进行了分析,用优化组合后的方法进行处理,处理效果明显.     

热-力耦合作用对建筑结构火灾安全的影响

结构火灾安全可以避免建筑物在火灾中坍塌.火灾热环境影响建筑结构的响应,传统的标准火灾环境有一定的局限性,不能完全适用于若干真实火灾场景.因此有必要开展真实火灾环境下建筑结构的热-力响应特性研究,发展有效的工程工具来设计经济安全的结构.近来,性能化的结构火灾安全设计评估方法和相应技术发展迅速,该文给出一种综合考虑热-力耦合作用的结构火灾安全设计评估方法及相应流程.首先通过建筑和燃料特性来预测可能的火灾热环境特性,然后再分析构件和结构的热响应和力学响应特性来判定结构是否会失效,以及可以降低热和力影响的预防失效措施.该文通过案例分析将该方法应用于某中庭钢结构屋顶的防火保护,得到经济合理的防火涂层设计,满足有关防火规范的安全等价要求.