城市绿地降温效应研究进展与展望

全球变暖已是不争的事实,而且不可能完全被阻止。城市绿地作为城市结构中的自然生产力主体,在缓解城市热岛、调节城市气候和协助城市应对未来气候变化中扮演着极其重要的角色。如何优化城市绿地空间布局,从而实现城市绿地降温效应的最大化,更有效地应对城市气候变化,已经成为城市绿地布局规划与研究的热点与难点问题。论文从城市绿地降温效应实地观测、城市尺度城市绿地与城市热岛关系、城市绿地降温效应模型模拟和城市绿地降温效应的心理和社会意义4个角度,对国内外相关研究进行了评述,并在此基础上总结了目前城市绿地降温效应研究存在的主要问题,进而提出了该领域未来研究的方向,以期为深入研究城市绿地的降温效应、更好地规划和设计绿地提供重要的借鉴和参考。     

Effects of solution chemistry on arsenic(Ⅴ) removal by low-cost adsorbents

Natural and anthropogenic arsenic （As） contamination of water sources pose serious health concerns, especially for small communities in rural areas. This study assessed the applicability of three industrial byproducts （coal fly ash, lignite, and green waste compost） as the low-cost adsorbents for As（V） removal under various field-relevant conditions （dissolved oxygen, As（V）/Fe ratio, solution pH, and presence of competing species）. The physico-chemical properties of the adsorbents were characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, and NMR analysis. Batch experiments demonstrated that coal fly ash could provide effective As（V） removal （82.1%-95%） because it contained high content of amorphous iron/aluminium hydroxides for As（V） adsorption and dissolvable calcium minerals for calcium arsenate precipitation. However, the addition of lignite and green waste compost was found unfavourable since they hindered the As（V） removal by 10%-42% possibly due to dissolution of organic matter and ternary arsenate-iron-organic matter complexes. On the other hand, higher concentrations of dissolved iron （comparing As（V）/Fe ratios of 1：1 and 1：10） and dissolved oxygen （comparing 0.2 and 6 mg/L） only marginally enhanced the As（V） removal at pH 6 and 8. Thus, addition of dissolved iron, water aeration, or pH adjustment became unnecessary because coal fly ash was able to provide effective As（V） removal under the natural range of geochemical conditions. Moreover, the presence of low levels of background competing （0.8 or 8 mg/L of humic acid, phosphate, and silicate） imposed little influence on As（V） removal, possibly because the high adsorption capacity of coal fly ash was far from exhaustion. These results suggested that coal fly ash was a potentially promising adsorbent that warranted further investigation.     

Plant–pollinator interactions in urban ecosystems worldwide: A comprehensive review including research funding and policy actions

Urbanization has rapidly increased in recent decades and the negative effects on biodiversity have been widely reported. Urban green areas can contribute to improving human well-being, maintaining biodiversity, and ecosystem services (e.g. pollination). Here we examine the evolution of studies on plant–pollinator interactions in urban ecosystems worldwide, reviewing also research funding and policy actions. We documented a significant increase in the scientific production on the theme in recent years, especially in the temperate region; tropical urban ecosystems are still neglected. Plant–pollinator interactions are threatened by urbanization in complex ways, depending on the studied group (plant or pollinator [generalist or specialist]) and landscape characteristics. Several research opportunities emerge from our review. Research funding and policy actions to pollination/pollinator in urban ecosystems are still scarce and concentrated in developed countries/temperate regions. To make urban green spaces contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services, transdisciplinary approaches (ecological–social–economic–cultural) are needed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01410-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国绿色建材发展研究

绿色建材是一种不破坏环境，不能保护环境，节约能源和资源，满足社会发展的新型建筑材料。本文扼要介绍了我国绿色建材的发展现状，着重从三个方面分析了绿色建材评价标准，加强和完善绿色建材认证制度等建议以促进我国绿色建材的发展，从而保证环境、社会、经济可持续发展。     

Resolving Trade and Environment Conflicts： A Focus on Sustainable Trade in China

This paper begins by analysing the mutual influence between international trade and the environment, and then proceeds to explore the environment and trade conflicts. On the basis of sustainable development theories and the above discussion, the article suggests taking sustainable trade as a solution to the existing conflicts. This paper aims to find the way to strike a balance between international trade and environment based on the present situation in China.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

绿色技术与可持续发展

本文着重论述了绿色技术的概念、层次及意义，指出在我国尽快树立起崭新的生态伦理观，大力推行绿色技术，把我国经济、社会、环境纳入协调发展的轨道，是实现可持续发展的必由之路。     

构建和完善新型工业化环保支持系统

本文从新型工业化与环境保护的关系出发，论证了环境保护在实施新型工业化战略中的地位和作用，提出了在推进新型工业化中构筑从招商引资、项目选控到集约运营全过程的环保支持系统的意见和建议。     

云南绿色经济的公众参与与公众教育

论述了云南绿色经济强省建设中实施公众教育的意义,提出了实施公众教育行动计划的主要目标,明确了公众教育的内容、对象、形式以及组织协调原则.     

独流减河流域绿色基础设施空间格局与景观连通性分析的尺度效应

尺度效应是景观生态学研究的核心问题之一,是正确理解和感知景观格局与生态过程相互作用及其动态变化特征的基础.针对GI（绿色基础设施）进行空间格局与景观连通性分析具有强烈的尺度依赖性的问题,以天津市独流减河流域为例,利用ArcGIS 10.1、ENVI 5.3和eCognition 8.9软件进行面向对象土地利用分类,基于MSPA（形态学空间格局分析）方法和景观连通性分析方法,借助GuidosToolbox 2.6和Conefor 2.6软件,通过设置不同的粒度、边缘宽度和扩散距离,对2016年研究区GI的粒度效应、边缘效应和距离效应进行定量分析和评价.结果表明:①MSP（形态学空间格局）类型具有明显的粒度效应和边缘效应,较小的粒度和边缘宽度会得到更为详细的空间格局信息.②粒度效应改变GI像元的空间分布,会导致GI空间信息的丢失或增加,直接影响MSP类型的空间配置和量化关系;而边缘效应不会改变GI像元的空间分布,使得GI空间信息不发生改变,但对MSP类型的影响更为显著.③景观连通性与扩散距离具有直接关系,扩散距离越大,GI核心区景观连通性越高,当扩散距离增至一定程度时,所有核心区会连接成一个网络整体,景观连通性达到最大,研究区GI核心区的扩散距离关键值在2.5~4.5 km之间.研究显示,独流减河流域GI要素尺度效应明显但机理不同,基于MSPA和景观连通性分析方法能够更加直观地反映各景观类型和网络组分的空间变化特征和数值变化规律.