电动交通工具的污染减排及对策

燃油交通工具是城市温室气体的重要来源之一,因此使用电动交通工具成为解决城市污染减排的重要措施.文章就正确认识电动交通工具污染减排的作用,蓄电池的生产管理、回收利用等进行了讨论,并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

轻型汽油车CH4和N2O排放因子研究

我国的机动车温室气体排放研究多集中于CO2排放,而CH4和N2O排放的相关研究主要是依据欧美开发的模型进行的,缺乏CH4和N2O实车测试的研究.本研究选取22辆轻型汽油车,利用底盘测功机开展了整车台架测试和采样分析,获得了车辆在NEDC工况下的CH4和N2O排放因子.结果表明,国Ⅰ~国Ⅳ阶段轻型汽油车CH4平均排放因子分别为0.048、0.048、0.038和0.028 g·km-1,N2O则分别为0.045、0.039、0.026和0.021 g·km-1.在轻型汽油车单车排放的CO2、CH4和N2O三类温室气体(以CO2当量计)中,CH4和N2O排放的分担率均随排放标准的加严而逐渐降低,其中CH4排放在温室气体排放中不足0.5%,N2O排放分担率在3.03%~6.35%之间.因此,排放标准的加严可以有效减少CH4和N2O的排放,以减缓机动车排放带来的温室效应.     

天津市夏季蜂窝状溶蚀器涂层溶液浓度确定的实验研究

于2013年7月1日～8月31日,在天津市南开大学理化楼楼顶,采用蜂窝状溶蚀器进行了溶蚀器涂层溶液最适浓度的探究实验.结果表明,在天津夏季,蜂窝状溶蚀器的碳酸钠涂层溶液最适浓度为3%,柠檬酸涂层溶液最适浓度为6%.含有溶蚀器系统的颗粒物采样法与传统采样法对比发现,含蜂窝状溶蚀器的采样系统所得到的PM2.5样品浓度有86%低于传统方法所得到的PM2.5样品浓度,其原因主要为1酸/碱性气体被去除,使其无法与富集在采样膜上的颗粒物发生反应,也无法吸附到颗粒物上;2溶蚀器系统采样过程中,部分颗粒物被捕集到溶蚀器上;3酸/碱性气体被去除,导致气-粒平衡被打破,部分颗粒物组分向气态转化.     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

铁矿石对脱除烧结废气中NOx的催化效应

向混合料中加添加剂能够在烧结过程中脱除烧结废气中的NO。实验研究了铁矿石对NO脱除反应的催化效应。在900℃下,分别以5种不同铁矿石作为填料层,用2种标准气体和压缩空气配制的混合气体模拟烧结废气。试验结果表明,铁矿石种类对铁矿石的催化能力有重要影响。D型铁矿的催化能力最强而且不会发生弱化,NO转化率接近100%;其它几种铁矿石的催化能力较差,随着反应时间的延长有明显的弱化现象,但很快即基本趋于稳定状态,NO转化率达到了60%~70%。     

毒气泄漏事故居民疏散心理行为特征相关性研究

为了研究在毒气泄漏事故中居民的心理行为特征,选择发生过毒气泄漏事故的某化工企业,采用问卷法对其周边居民进行调查,并运用SPSS软件对调查问卷的结果进行独立性分析,从而得出居民在疏散过程中的各种心理行为反应的相关因素,为制定有效的应急疏散管理预案提供科学的依据。     

基于ISO14067的长江上游某水电项目碳足迹分析

以长江上游某大型水电站为案例,根据国际标准化组织碳足迹量化标准(ISO14067)评价流程,对该水电站全生命周期(建设阶段,运行维护阶段,退役阶段)碳足迹进行估算,并着重考虑了蓄水前后水库温室气体通量差异。研究以碳足迹系数和能源回收率作为指标进行评价,结果表明生命周期碳足迹为5 417.0万t CO_(2eq),碳足迹系数为7.0~13.1 g CO_(2eq)/kW·h,中位值为9.4 g CO_(2eq)/kW·h,该水电站项目能源回收率达236.4。与各种能源电站以及国内外同类型水电站相比较,该水电站碳足迹明显较低,且能源回收率显著较高,说明以该水电站为代表的我国西南水电具有显著的优质性,大力开发水电能有效节能减排,明确了生命周期评价方法对于水电站碳足迹评估的适用性。     

The Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainable Development in China''''s Electricity Sector

1 INTRODUCTIONEnergy and environmental issues in China have receivedsignificant attention in both the peer-reviewed literatureand in international energy and environmental policymaking in the last number of years. China's coal dominatedenergy consumption results in significant regional pollutionproblems, most notably acid rain that affects nearly 1/3rdof China's landmass and air pollution that plagues manyof its major cities. China now ranks as the top emitterof sulphur dioxide (SO2) pol…     

Climate change, urban air problems and transport policy in the European Union

This paper surveys some recent studies on conventional air pollution and climate change in the transport sector in Europe. Fuel efficiency standards, car emission standards and transport pricing instruments are analysed from an economic perspective taking into account environmental and economic efficiency objectives. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

太阳能污泥干化在欧洲的应用

太阳能污泥干化指的是利用太阳能为主要能源对污水处理厂污泥进行干化和稳定化的污泥处理技术。该技术运用太阳能,借助传统温室干燥工艺,具有低温干化、运行费用低廉、操作简单、运行安全稳定、干化后的污泥仍保留原有的农用价值等特点。该文主要介绍了该工艺的工作原理及流程,工艺设计参数及其与传统热干化技术相比的优缺点,并简要介绍了该工艺在欧洲市场上的商业应用。