Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

轮作方式对冬水田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的冬水田(RF)、水稻-油菜轮作(RR)和水稻-儿菜轮作(RV)农田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对农田的温室气体的排放通量进行了为期一年的原位观测,其中采用静态暗箱技术观测CH4和N2O,静态明箱技术观测CO2.结果表明,不同轮作方式下CH4的年排放总量[以CH4计,kg·hm-2]RF(422.87±27.1) RR(132.05±23.11) RV(50.91±3.83),其中RV与RR处理较RF处理CH4排放量有明显下降(P0.05);N2O的年排放总量[以N2O计,kg·hm-2]依次为RV(21.38±6.51) RR(20.02±5.23) RF(0.48±0.02),RV和RR处理N2O的排放总量均显著高于RF(P0.05);CO2的年净排放总量[以CO2计,t·hm-2]为RR(-55.43±5.04) RV(-29.1±3.00) RF(-14.08±1.81),RV和RR处理CO2的吸收量显著高于RF处理(P0.05).在100a时间尺度上,全年排放的CH4、N2O和CO2所引起综合GWP(以CO2计,t·hm-2)为RR(-46.43) RV(-22.01) RF(-2.11),表明冬水田转变为水旱轮作系统后能显著提升农田生态系统的增汇效果,相比于RV处理,RR处理增汇效果更好,即在西南地区水稻-油菜轮作农田在生态系统增汇上是一种最有效的轮作方式.     

螃蟹活动对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地土壤温室气体排放通量的影响

于2015年1月（冬季）、4月（春季）、6月（夏季）和9月（秋季）,以闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地为研究区,采用静态箱与气相色谱结合的方法,研究螃蟹对湿地土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量及综合增温潜势的影响。研究表明：温室气体排放季节变化较为显著,CO₂、CH₄排放通量最大值均出现在夏季,N₂O排放通量最大值出现在秋季,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量最小值均出现在春季。与无螃蟹组相比,高潮滩和中潮滩螃蟹组CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量均值都增大,其中高潮滩螃蟹组CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量依次增大了46.36%、66.67%和69.66%,中潮滩螃蟹组CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量依次增大了53.57%、142.97%、73.08%。相关性分析结果表明：土壤CO₂排放通量与土壤温度显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.05）,CH₄和N₂O排放通量与土壤温度显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.01）;N₂O排放通量与土壤pH显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.01）,与土壤含水量显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.05）。综上所述,螃蟹活动对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地土壤的干扰促进了温室气体的排放,为有效调节湿地碳、氮固持作用和湿地生态系统科学管理提供了参考。     

全球可持续发展与国际合作

本文认为环境生态是全球可持续发展的重要组成部分,必须在全球范围内,通过有效的国际合作和国际协调来加以解决。作者认为:国际合作应在国际性河流流域管理方面发挥重要作用。对全球温室效应问题,国际组织应重视科学研究,协调各国政府在能源税收、补贴和开发再生能源方面取得进展。此外,在保护地球生物多样性方面,国际组织可调试债务与自然环境互换机制。     

Formation of dioxins from combustion of polyvinylidene chloride in a well-controlled incinerator

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC; polymer of 1,1-dichloroethylene) was combusted with paper in a well-controlled, small-scale incinerator at an average grate temperature of 700 °C, and then dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gases were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PVDC lowered the combustion temperature due to its less flammable character. The amount of total dioxins (PCDDs + PCDFs + coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gas was 58.0 ng/g of a combustion sample and its toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) value was 0.64 ng-TEQ/g. The amount of PCDDs formed in the sample ranged from 2.33 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer) to 0.048 ng/g (Cl₁-isomer). The lower the number of chloride, the less production of PCDDs. On the other hand, there was no relation between the number of chloride and PCDF formation. The amount of PCDFs formed in the sample ranged from 8.02 ng/g (Cl₂-isomer) to 4.46 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer). A polyvinylchloride (PVC) sample produced 207 ng/g of total dioxins and a PVDC sample produced 57.4 ng/g of total dioxins when they were combusted under the same conditions. An approximately equal composition of dioxin isomers was formed from PVDC and PVC samples. Paper was found to contribute to PCDF formation when it was combusted with plastics.     

弹药库房密闭期间有害气体的分析

弹药在长期储存过程中,受储存环境影响,其装药会发生缓慢的分解、水解反应,产生易燃易爆及有害气体.为深入研究弹药在密闭过程中有害气体对弹药库房及人员可能造成的危害,对弹药库房密闭期间产生的有毒、有害及可燃气体成分作定性和定量检测,深入分析影响弹药安全和人员身体健康的有害气体的测试结果.     

热污染及其防治

对热污染状况进行了介绍.概括了热污染的危害,包括危害人体健康、影响全球气候变化、污染大气、污染水体、加快水分蒸发、增加能量消耗等.分析了热污染的原因,自然气候的异常变化和人为因素是热污染产生的两大原因.最后提出了几点防治热污染的措施.     

河北省不同盐渍化土壤类型的微生物多样性与种群结构

为了探索盐渍化土壤中微生物多样性及群落构成，有效筛选盐渍土壤中耐盐微生物菌群.采用高通量测序技术对采集的河北省滨海盐渍土（原生盐渍化）、设施盐渍土（次生盐渍化）和高产粮田（健康土壤）3个生境的耕层土壤样本细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构、网络关系及其影响因子进行测定.结果表明，与大田土壤相比，设施土壤中OM、AP、AK、TS和EC显著升高，滨海盐渍土壤的TS和EC显著升高，其他养分指标则显著降低.细菌α多样性依次为：设施盐渍土>高产粮田>滨海盐渍土，真菌α多样性则为高产粮田显著高于设施盐渍土和滨海盐渍土.在门和属水平上分析盐渍化土壤的菌群结构，细菌群落中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）及其菌属和真菌群落中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）及其中有益菌Trichocladium和病原菌Fusarium为盐渍化土壤中的优势微生物类群.土壤EC和TS两个盐分因子是对细菌和真菌菌群分布贡献最大的因子，与绿弯菌门中unclassified_A4b和unclassified_Chloroflexi以及变形菌门中unclassified_α-Proteobacteria等细菌菌属和子囊菌门中Trichocladium、unclassified_Chaetomiaceae、Crassicarpon、Cephaliophora和Sodiomyces等真菌菌属呈显著正相关.研究结果为盐渍化土壤修复所需的微生物资源筛选提供了理论依据.     

以氢气为主要成分的其他可燃气体对低浓度甲烷爆炸特性的影响

为研究矿井火区中一氧化碳(CO)、氢气(H_2)、乙烯(C_2H_4)和乙烷(C_2H_6)等其他可燃气体对甲烷(CH_4)爆炸特性的影响,利用可视球形气体爆炸系统开展了多元可燃气体爆炸压力特性试验,观察并分析了峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率及其相应时间。通过高速摄影系统拍摄了视窗范围内爆炸火焰传播图像,基于边缘检测方法确定了火焰前锋位置,继而得到最大火焰传播速度。分析了以氢气为主要成分的其他可燃气体对低浓度CH_4-空气混合物压力特性和火焰传播行为的影响。结果表明,多元可燃气体的存在增加了低浓度CH_4-空气混合物的爆炸危险性。随混合气体体积分数增加,低浓度CH_4-空气混合物的峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率和最大火焰传播速度非线性增加;此外,到达峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率的时间显著缩短。     

辽北四位一体庭院生态系统冬季增温保温效应研究

观测表明，辽北庭院生态系统中日光温室、养猪暖舍、厕所、沼气池四位一体模式具有较好的增温保温效应，效果明显优于单一日光温室，可创造良好的养殖业环境，保证模式中沼气池在冬季良好运行。