The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow1

Abstract: The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground‐water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing.     

Drought Resilience of the California Central Valley Surface‐Ground‐Water‐Conveyance System1

Abstract: A series of drought simulations were performed for the California Central Valley using computer applications developed by the California Department of Water Resources and historical datasets representing a range of droughts from mild to severe for time periods lasting up to 60 years. Land use, agricultural cropping patterns, and water demand were held fixed at the 2003 level and water supply was decreased by amounts ranging between 25 and 50%, representing light to severe drought types. Impacts were examined for four hydrologic subbasins, the Sacramento Basin, the San Joaquin Basin, the Tulare Basin, and the Eastside Drainage. Results suggest the greatest impacts are in the San Joaquin and Tulare Basins, regions that are heavily irrigated and are presently overdrafted in most years. Regional surface water diversions decrease by as much as 70%. Stream‐to‐aquifer flows and aquifer storage declines were proportional to drought severity. Most significant was the decline in ground water head for the severe drought cases, where results suggest that under these scenarios the water table is unlikely to recover within the 30‐year model‐simulated future. However, the overall response to such droughts is not as severe as anticipated and the Sacramento Basin may act as ground‐water insurance to sustain California during extended dry periods.     

双线盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路的地表沉降预测模型研究*

为指导隧道盾构下穿既有建构筑物施工的变形控制,考虑隧道收敛模式和复合地层主要影响角的影响,以双线圆形盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路为例,构建圆形隧道地层主要影响角计算方法,改进传统Peck公式,分析盾构斜交角、盾构坡角和隆起偏角的共同影响,引入地层损失率几何修正系数,并利用叠加原理建立双线盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路的地表沉降预测模型,依托实际工程对预测模型的工程适用性进行验证。研究结果表明:本文预测模型的整体精度相比Suwansawat等预测模型提升44.15％,可预测施工影响范围内任意点的地表沉降值,相比现有模型更适用于解决双线盾构隧道斜交下穿施工的地表沉降预测问题,可为类似工程中的地表沉降变形预测及控制提供指导。     

地空导弹发射飞行可靠度试验剖面生成方法

本研究在明确地空导弹武器装备寿命剖面、任务剖面的基础上,利用已经收集到的19发导弹的冲击、振动遥测数据和6发导弹的弹上温度遥测数据以及已经掌握的大量地面温度、电应力数据,进行数据分析与归纳,生成地空导弹环境剖面,并根据我国现有试验条件,将其转化为可靠性试验剖面。     

民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度变化特征初探

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统对民勤沙尘源区不同沙尘天气的气溶胶浓度进行了监测,初步分析了民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度的变化特征.结果表明:沙尘暴气溶胶浓度春季最高,为14.61 mg·m-3;夏季逐渐降低,为12.49 mg·m-3;秋季无沙尘暴出现,气溶胶浓度最小;冬季趋于回升,可达9.82 mg·m-3,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度季节变化与沙尘暴发生频率相一致.不同沙尘天气条件下沙尘气溶胶浓度表现为强沙尘暴最大,为18.80 mg·m-3;中沙尘暴次之,为13.56 mg·m-3;扬沙浮沉天气较小,只有3.07 mg·m一.随着沙漠向绿洲的过渡,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度明显降低,沙漠、绿洲边缘、绿洲3个下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度依次为21.07 mg·m-3、12.09 mg·m-3、6.49 mg·m-3.沙尘暴气溶胶浓度随观测高度变化遵循幂函数规律,浓度梯度变幅表现为沙尘暴高发季节大于低峰季节,沙尘暴天气大于扬沙浮尘天气,沙漠下垫面大于绿洲下垫面;不同下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度在41 m高度处趋于一致,表明沙尘源区的沙尘浓度在约40 m范围内受地面影响较为显著.     

排水刚性桩处置可液化倾斜场地的振动台试验研究∗

排水刚性桩将竖向排水体和刚性桩相结合,是一种有效的地基抗液化处理措施。但目前对排水刚性桩在可液化倾斜场地中抗液化侧向变形的性能研究还比较缺乏,制约了其推广与应用。通过振动台试验,开展了可液化倾斜场地中排水刚性桩和普通刚性桩的对比研究,从土体内部动孔压响应、液化土体的流动性质、桩顶水平位移等角度研究了排水刚性桩对可液化倾斜场地的处理效果,并考虑了群桩布置形式的影响。结果表明,排水刚性桩是一种有效的加固可液化倾斜场地的处理措施,可以较好的限制液化土体侧向变形;相同群桩布置形式下,排水刚性桩限制土体流动变形效果优于普通刚性桩,且这种限制效果在坡顶位置更为明显;对于普通刚性桩,群桩梅花形布置形式相对于正方形布置形式能更好的阻止液化土体的流动变形,而对于排水刚性桩,群桩布置形式影响较小。     

危险废物填埋处置的地下水环境健康风险评价

基于美国EPACMTP模型和健康风险评价模型,建立了一种危险废物填埋处置地下水环境健康风险评价方法.在此基础上,以电镀污泥为例,评价了其进入危险废物填埋场和一般工业固体废物填埋场处置的地下水环境健康风险,以验证该方法的有效性.结果表明,该方法需要参数少且计算简单;电镀污泥中的污染组分(Ni、Mn和Cr6+)进入危险废物填埋场和一般工业固体废物填埋场中处置所引起的目标敏感点处的地下水环境健康非致癌风险分别为10.20×10-4和0.81×10-1,两者均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.00),表明该电镀污泥进入上述填埋场引起的地下水环境健康风险不明显;就该电镀污泥填埋处置对目标敏感点处产生的地下水环境健康风险而言,其可以进入一般工业固体废物填埋场处置.     

火灾烟气伤害机理和伤害模型

建筑物发生火灾时，燃烧产生的烟气对人构成主要威胁。本文分析火灾烟气的伤害机理，提出烟气伤害指数概念及其计算方法，探讨它在材料防火性能评价和建筑物火灾安全评价方面的应用可能性。     

渤海越冬场渔业生物资源量和群落结构的动态特征

根据1983、1993和1999年冬季在渤海越冬场拖网试捕采集的渔获量资料,分析研究了渤海渔业生物地方种群的种类组成、生物量指数和优势种群的年间变化。资源量呈逐年大幅度减少之势,平均网获量分别为115kg/h、35kg/h和07kg/h,平均网获尾数则为669尾/h、145尾/h和37尾/h;群落结构和优势种发生了明显的变化,1983～1993年的优势种群梅童和孔鳐等经济底层鱼类为安氏新银鱼所替代。捕捞过度是经济种群资源量剧减的主要原因,强化渔政管理,开展经济种群的种苗放流是保护、恢复和增殖渔业资源的主要措施和途径。     

用于地下水除氟的羟基磷灰石制备及其除氟效能

针对地下水中氟离子的去除分别合成了粉状和球状两种羟基磷灰石,利用红外光谱扫描、电镜扫描、X射线衍射仪、X射线能谱小试实验分析其基本特征,并进一步利用小试实验确定其对水中氟离子的去除效能.结果表明,制备的粉状羟基磷灰石具有较高的纯度,但结晶度相对较低;而球状羟基磷灰石则较为规则、带孔隙的球形颗粒,粒径约为1mm左右.粉状羟基磷灰石对徐州地下水中氟离子的去除容量约为15.2mg/g,且其去除速度较快,主要集中在30min以内;球状羟基磷灰石对地下水中氟离子的去除容量约为7.5mg/g,但其去除过程持续时间较长.利用粉状和球状羟基磷灰石组合的工艺可将地下水中的氟离子浓度降低至0.8~0.9mg/L,且去除效果稳定.综上所述,粉状和球状羟基磷灰石的组合工艺可用于地下中氟离子的去除.