用于地下水除氟的羟基磷灰石制备及其除氟效能

针对地下水中氟离子的去除分别合成了粉状和球状两种羟基磷灰石,利用红外光谱扫描、电镜扫描、X射线衍射仪、X射线能谱小试实验分析其基本特征,并进一步利用小试实验确定其对水中氟离子的去除效能.结果表明,制备的粉状羟基磷灰石具有较高的纯度,但结晶度相对较低;而球状羟基磷灰石则较为规则、带孔隙的球形颗粒,粒径约为1mm左右.粉状羟基磷灰石对徐州地下水中氟离子的去除容量约为15.2mg/g,且其去除速度较快,主要集中在30min以内;球状羟基磷灰石对地下水中氟离子的去除容量约为7.5mg/g,但其去除过程持续时间较长.利用粉状和球状羟基磷灰石组合的工艺可将地下水中的氟离子浓度降低至0.8~0.9mg/L,且去除效果稳定.综上所述,粉状和球状羟基磷灰石的组合工艺可用于地下中氟离子的去除.     

Cost-Effective Control of Ground-Level Ozone Pollution in and around Beijing

Ground level ozone pollution has become a significant air pollution problem in Beijing. Because of the complex way in which ozone is formed, it is difficult for policy makers to identify optimal control options on a cost-effective basis. This paper identi-fies and assesses a range of options for addressing this problem. We apply the Ambient Least Cost Model and compare the eco-nomic costs of control options, then recommend the most effective sequence to realize pollution control at the lowest cost. The study finds that installing of Stage II gasoline vapor recovery system at Beijing’s 1446 gasoline stations would be the most cost-effective option. Overall, options to reduce ozone pollution by cutting ve-hicular emissions are much more cost-effective than options to "clean up" coal-fired power plants.     

彗星试验检测地下水有机污染物的遗传毒性效应

应用人外周血淋巴细胞和小鼠淋巴细胞彗星试验,对长治市5个样点的地下水有机浓集物进行了遗传毒性研究。结果表明,各水样中有机浓集物在3个染毒剂量50,200,800 m L·管-1条件下均可对人外周血淋巴细胞和小鼠淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的遗传损伤,并且随着浓度的升高,DNA损伤程度明显增加,各实验组与溶剂对照组相比有P<0.05或P<0.01显著差异。研究表明,上述2种淋巴细胞彗星试验可有效地检测地下水体有机污染物的遗传毒性。     

Energy and temperature performance analysis of geothermal (ground source) heat pumps integrated with permeable pavement systems for urban run-off reuse

Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps (GHP) and permeable pavement systems (PPS) have demonstrated their effectiveness in both industry and academic research during recent decades. To meet the rising demand for sustainable, recyclable and energy efficient techniques, research has focused on the combination of techniques to enhance existing or develop new applications.

This paper reports on an experimental programme that combined GHP with PPS for nutrient removal and system energy balancing. Experimental data collected over a 3-year period have provided evidence of highly efficient removal rates of up to 99% for ammonia–nitrate and biochemical oxygen demand; and 96% removal rates were obtained for orthophosphate–phosphorus. This paper also contains energy efficiency ratio (EER) and coefficient of performance (COP) calculations. Cyclic heat removal and heat rejection allowed for stable temperature and pump COP and EER sustainability. The results prove that PPS systems are appropriate for GHP installation, delivering high and stable pollutant removal with EER efficiencies between 1.5 and 5.5.

The combination of GHP with PPS has the potential to provide a new sustainable and eco-friendly practice.     

地空导弹发射飞行可靠度试验剖面生成方法

本研究在明确地空导弹武器装备寿命剖面、任务剖面的基础上,利用已经收集到的19发导弹的冲击、振动遥测数据和6发导弹的弹上温度遥测数据以及已经掌握的大量地面温度、电应力数据,进行数据分析与归纳,生成地空导弹环境剖面,并根据我国现有试验条件,将其转化为可靠性试验剖面。     

民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度变化特征初探

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统对民勤沙尘源区不同沙尘天气的气溶胶浓度进行了监测,初步分析了民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度的变化特征.结果表明:沙尘暴气溶胶浓度春季最高,为14.61 mg·m-3;夏季逐渐降低,为12.49 mg·m-3;秋季无沙尘暴出现,气溶胶浓度最小;冬季趋于回升,可达9.82 mg·m-3,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度季节变化与沙尘暴发生频率相一致.不同沙尘天气条件下沙尘气溶胶浓度表现为强沙尘暴最大,为18.80 mg·m-3;中沙尘暴次之,为13.56 mg·m-3;扬沙浮沉天气较小,只有3.07 mg·m一.随着沙漠向绿洲的过渡,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度明显降低,沙漠、绿洲边缘、绿洲3个下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度依次为21.07 mg·m-3、12.09 mg·m-3、6.49 mg·m-3.沙尘暴气溶胶浓度随观测高度变化遵循幂函数规律,浓度梯度变幅表现为沙尘暴高发季节大于低峰季节,沙尘暴天气大于扬沙浮尘天气,沙漠下垫面大于绿洲下垫面;不同下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度在41 m高度处趋于一致,表明沙尘源区的沙尘浓度在约40 m范围内受地面影响较为显著.     

危险废物填埋处置的地下水环境健康风险评价

基于美国EPACMTP模型和健康风险评价模型,建立了一种危险废物填埋处置地下水环境健康风险评价方法.在此基础上,以电镀污泥为例,评价了其进入危险废物填埋场和一般工业固体废物填埋场处置的地下水环境健康风险,以验证该方法的有效性.结果表明,该方法需要参数少且计算简单;电镀污泥中的污染组分(Ni、Mn和Cr6+)进入危险废物填埋场和一般工业固体废物填埋场中处置所引起的目标敏感点处的地下水环境健康非致癌风险分别为10.20×10-4和0.81×10-1,两者均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.00),表明该电镀污泥进入上述填埋场引起的地下水环境健康风险不明显;就该电镀污泥填埋处置对目标敏感点处产生的地下水环境健康风险而言,其可以进入一般工业固体废物填埋场处置.     

EXAMPLES OF LANDFILL-GENERATED PLUMES IN LOW-RELIEF AREAS,SOUTHEAST FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Areas of low topographic relief have low water-table gradients and make the direction of movement of contaminants from land fills in the ground water difficult to predict from regional gradients alone. The landfill, nearby free-flowing ditches or canals, variations in hydraulic conductivity, and the influence of nearby pumping wells can all affect the direction of flow. In low-gradient areas the concepts of “upgradient” and “downgradient” are less useful in planning the location of monitoring wells than in areas of higher relief. Low-relief areas also may be affected by the discharge of mineralized water from deeper aquifers, naturally or through irrigation, which can mask geochemical surveys intended to detect landfill leachate. Examples of effects of low topographic relief are noted in southeast Florida where water-table gradients are 7×10^?-⁴ to 5×10^?-⁴ feet per foot. Water-table mounding beneath the landfill and the drainage effects of nearby ditches and well have created multiple leachate plumes in Stuart where one plume migrated in a direction opposite to the apparent regional gradient. In Coral Springs analysis suggests a bifurcating plume migrating along two narrow zones. In Fort Pierce it was difficult to detect leachate because of mineralized irrigation water and fertilizer runoff from an adjacent citrus grove.     

上海粘土流变性质及地面沉降问题的初步研究（二）

根据试验结果提出了一个新的粘－弹－塑性模型,并与以前其他研究者和模型作了比较,了分析试验结果时应注意的一些重要问题,最后,对上海地面沉降问题作了粗略的分析。     

塌陷灾害与塌陷工程学

论述主要由于人类工程活动而引起的塌陷灾害及塌陷工程学。叙述塌陷灾害给城市建设、工程建筑,生态平衡及社会环境等方面造成的严重后果。阐述塌陷工程学的内涵、研究内容、目的及研究方法,以及与岩石力学、结构力学,建筑设计、施工等工程科学和社会学等学科的关系。