江苏灌河入海污染通量与经济增长关系分析研究

根据江苏省灌河沿岸市县2004年－2012年的经济增长与环境质量的相关数据,建立环境指标排放量与GDP关系的计量模型。结果分析表明：入海污染的排放与GDP之间存在库兹涅茨关系,入海污染物中COD、营养盐（主要为氨氮、磷酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、磷）、重金属、石油类、砷的含量随着GDP的增加呈现出上升趋势,与人均GDP的回归分析显示出二者之间存在密切关系。灌河流域环境问题严峻,亟待解决。应进一步加强环境执法和环境治理力度,以确保环境问题得到解决。     

西南技术工程研究所, 重庆 400039

目的建立敦煌地区温度、相对湿度和日温差的年极值拟合模型。方法根据当地气象站台温度和相对湿度日记时值数据,连续统计若干年的三要素年极值,采用极大似然法建立各要素年极值的Gumbel模型,同时讨论值域有界类气象因素极值再现期的定义域。结果给出了敦煌地区温度、相对湿度和日温差年极值的Gumbel模型参数。结论敦煌地区各气象因素Gumbel模型位置参数和尺度参数,温度极大值分别为35.193,1.072℃,温度极小值分别为-20.085,1.945℃,相对湿度极大值为95.254%,2.471%,相对湿度极小值为5.837%,1.505%,日温差极大值为20.676,0.777℃,日温差极小值为1.398,0.593℃;相对湿度极大值、相对湿度极小值和日温差极小值的再现期定义域分别为6.3,47和10年。     

线性拟合法评定水中砷的测量不确定度研究

测量不确定度是评定测量值分散程度的一项指标,对解释测量结果非常重要,对于一个分析方法若未进行不确定度评估,则无法确定测量结果间观测到的差值是否包含试验变异以外的信息,没有不确定度的信息,就存在错误处理结果的风险,甚至导致不必要的损失,不给出不确定度的测量数据是没有意义的数据.线性拟合法利用从方法确认、实验室内质控和实验室间协作定值等数据,注重从整体上、通过数月、数年等一段期间反映样品检测精密度数据直接评估测量不确定度.     

A study on cometabolic bioventing for the in situ remediation of trichloroethylene

Cometabolic bioventing for removal of TCE in the unsaturated zone was studied in a soil column study using methane as growth substrate. A numerical model was developed for simulating the behavior of TCE during cometabolic bioventing. The model parameters were estimated independently through laboratory batch experiments or from the literature. Simulations were found to provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The experimental data show that a total TCE remediation efficiency of over 95% was obtained. The volatilization-to-biodegradation ratio of TCE was about 7:1 and T _c values ranging from 0.0078 to 0.07 were obtained in this methane-driven system. Due to the toxicity of the high TCE concentrations to the microbial biomass in the initial stages of the experiment, cometabolic biodegradation was enhanced and was more efficient in the later stages of cometabolic bioventing.     

Host species affects the growth rate of cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) chicks

The cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) is an obligate interspecific brood parasite. When about to lay an egg, the female must decide which nest to parasitise. A high-quality host species should be preferred, to enhance the possibility of producing a viable offspring. In this study, we investigated the effects of two closely related host species, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) and the reed warbler (A. scirpaceus) on the growth rate of cuckoo nestlings. We found that cuckoo nestlings raised by the larger host species, the great reed warbler, grew significantly faster and became statistically significantly larger at fledging than nestlings raised by the smaller host, the reed warbler. Our results indicate a qualitative difference between the two host species. The great reed warbler, considered to be the best host, was parasitised at a higher rate than the reed warbler. Received: 2 February 1999 / Received in revised form: 3 September 1999 / Accepted: 18 September 1999     

Altered levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein proteases in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE) are leading causes of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Many studies have found association between low levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) proteases in the first trimester maternal circulation and the risk of subsequent development of PE and/or IUGR. These results are generally interpreted to reflect decreased production of the proteases by the placenta, leading to reduced proteolysis of IGFBPs and lower free levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF), resulting in diminished feto-placental development. However, the association between low circulating levels of placental proteins early in pregnancy and the subsequent development of IUGR and/or PE could be due to low exchange in the placenta and not due to reduced production. In contrast, late in pregnancy, the circulating levels of these proteins and their expression in the placenta are often elevated in PE, which may reflect upregulation to compensate for abnormal placental development, that is an adaptive mechanism to increase IGFBP proteolysis, increase local IGF levels and promote feto-placental growth. Further research into the biological mechanisms underlying these associations will aid the identification of high-risk pregnancies and the development of therapeutic targets for diseases for which there are presently no preventative measures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Poverty,environment and economic growth: exploring the links among three complex issues with specific focus on the Pakistan’s case

Eradicating poverty, reducing environmental degradation and achieving sustainable economic growth are some of the major macroeconomic goals of Pakistan. There are, however, serious interlinkages among these issues. The present paper investigates these linkages and the existing evidence for Pakistan and other countries. The aim of the paper is to examine and test some hypotheses and answer some questions regarding poverty-environment-nexus in Pakistan. The paper uses secondary data and information to probe into these linkages. The paper finds that poverty leads to environmental degradation is a common belief but it is not clearly supported by evidence. What is more strongly supported by evidence is the fact that environmental degradation hurts more the poor. There is a need of studies that deal with the social and environmental impacts of specific factors, and a need of a better understanding of institutional dynamics. More understanding on how levels and changes in poverty relate to changes in environmental quality is needed. There is a need to understand how the levels and rates of change vary with poverty. There is a need to know how and where the changes are taking place. More research is needed on the effects of changes in the population and the dynamics of institutional development. It has been showed that low income groups are the most affected when environmental degradation occur, but not enough information available in Pakistan on the mechanisms. There is a need of empirical studies regarding effect on poor relative to non-poor. More understanding on how poor people depend on, interact with and use their environment in rural and urban areas is needed. Ideally, in Pakistan, we would need to relate data gathered in an area with socio-economic data from the same area, answering this way to questions such as, to what extent are different income groups affected by resource degradation? And, by pollution? Finally, Pakistan should apply open minded and innovative policies in order to take advantage of the many existing opportunities. Some suggestions are eco-labeling schemes, organic practices, fair trade and so forth. Very little research has been conducted in developing countries, especially in Pakistan on the issues involving poverty, environment and development. The present study is an attempt in this regard. The results of the study are expected to assume pivotal importance for policy makers, academics and other researchers. It may help policy makers how to design policy to ensure poverty alleviation vis-à-vis environmental conservation. It may also help academicians to understand the complex poverty-environment-growth nexus. It will also open new avenues for further research in this area.     

资源约束与经济增长研究

资源约束条件下的经济增长研究对中翻经济的可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文从宏观经济的微观基础分析入手.结合当前中国社会和经济发展的实际,在传统效用函数的基础上,引入了社会地位和资源两个影响因素,通过模型的静态及动态分析,重点研究资源约束对经济系统均衡条件、动态转移的影响.分析结果表明:①当期资源的使用量取决于资源的边际效用、消费的边际效用和时间贴现率的大小.②消费资本比足够大或消费足够多且资本与消费的边际替代率足够小是经济系统存在鞍点均衡的必要条件.③资源消耗足够多时,消费资本比将显著下降.并从资源约束这一角度解释了中国经济增长的投资消费失衡问题.最后从实证角度,利用协整理论验证了资源消耗与消费资本比之间的反向关系.