The Introduction of the Precautionary Principle in Danish Environmental Policy: The Case of Plant Growth Retardants

In this paper, we investigate the Precautionary Principle (PP) in action. Precaution is a fairly new concept in environmental policy. It emerged back in the 1960s but did not consolidate until the 1980s, as it formed part of the major changes taking place in environmental policies at that time. The PP is examined in three contexts. Firstly, we look at the meaning of the concept and how it is disseminated through the media and public discourses to the political arenas of Denmark. Then we examine how the idea is adopted to the political level. Thirdly, we look briefly at the first Danish translation of the principle into a practical context, which includes translations into concrete scientific practices. It is concluded that if the PP shall be more than a simple “idea” or a frequently used “term,” emphasis must be put on the transformation of the concept into concrete practices, like e.g., the alternative testing regimes that we show in the case of plant growth-retarding pesticides presented in this paper.     

应用细胞合成计量关系模型分析鱼腥藻7120的混合营养生长

根据文献中鱼腥藻细胞大分子的含量和组成情况,计算了细胞合成所需要的小分子单体和前体代谢物的量,得到代谢意义上的细胞生物合成计量关系,此计量关系模型,对鱼腥藻7120细胞在气升式光生物反应器中光自养和混合营养生长的对数生长阶段进行了代谢通量分析。结果表明,葡萄糖的利用影响细胞初级碳代谢的流动状况,混合营养生长过程比光自养生长过程磷酸戊糖途径氧化性分支的反应程度明显加强,随着培养的进行,葡萄糖被细胞用作碳源的比例可能减小,而用作能源的比例可能增大。     

HCO3^—对不同水稻品种Zn吸收运输的影响

应用营养液培养的方法,研究了不同Zn浓度下,HCO3^-对缺Zn敏感和耐性水稻品种生长及Zn吸收运输的影响。结果表明,在低Zn浓度下,HCO3^-明显抑制敏感品种根的生长,但对耐性品种根生长有轻微的促进作用;HCO3^-降低缺Zn敏感品种对Zn的吸收及Zn从根向地上部的运输,而对耐性品种影响较小,HCO3^-抑制缺Zn敏感品种生长并诱导缺Zn的最初作用可能是抑制根的生长,进而影响Zn的吸收和运输。     

利用多源数据融合研究长白山天池火山的喷发期次及空间分布

利用ERS－2 SAR,Landsat TM和全色航空照片等图像,结合测年、野外地质考察等资料,在GIS平台上利用多源数据融合、小波变换、神经元网络分类等手段,研究了长白山天池火山的喷发期次及分布,为火山灾害制图及危险性评价提供了重要依据。     

沉积物-水系统中氮磷变化与上覆水对藻类生长的影响

研究了灭菌、抑制剂添加和磷添加对沉积物-水模拟系统中氮磷转化的影响,并利用试验后的上覆水培养四尾栅藻.结果表明,灭菌增大了系统平衡时上覆水的总磷(TP)浓度,对系统中氮的影响不大; 添加抑制剂组与对照组沉积物-水模拟系统的TP、溶解性总磷(DTP)和总氮(TN)的浓度接近,但抑制剂组的NO^-₃-N含量为19.2 mg·L^-1,明显高于对照组;沉积物对添加的磷有强烈的吸附作用,导致系统平衡时上覆水TP的浓度降低.灭菌组上覆水的藻类生物量高于对照组,主要是因为灭菌导致上覆水TP浓度高于对照组;抑制剂组的最高藻类生物量(224.5×10⁴个·L^-1)远远超过对照组(26×10⁴个·L^-1),且为其它2组试验(灭菌组22.5×10⁴个·L^-1和磷添加组38.5×10⁴个·L^-1)的5～10倍,抑制剂的添加抑制了沉积物-水模拟系统中微生物对某些元素的利用,而这些元素对藻类生长起重要作用;磷添加对试验初藻类生长无明显影响,随着试验进行,磷添加组的藻类适应生长环境,迅速增长,生物量远远超过对照组.灭菌和添加抑制剂组生物可利用磷的增加是由于藻类生物量的增加,而导致了不稳定态的有机磷的增加.     

人工湿地中植物生长特性及其对TN和TP的吸收

构建了潜流水平芦苇湿地处理富营养化污水,在近2年的研究中考察了芦苇的生长规律、 芦苇不同器官对TN和TP的吸收及季节变化,评价了植物吸收对湿地TN和TP的去除作用.结果表明,2个生长年内芦苇的生长规律不同,受第1年芦苇移植的影响,芦苇生长周期滞后,导致植物立枯生物量与活体生物量比例在2年中相同月差异很大.第2年芦苇地上生物量是第1年的3.9倍.芦苇组织中TN和TP含量遵循新鲜叶>成年根>新鲜茎的规律.新鲜植物组织中TN和TP含量变化相对不大,当植物枯萎时地上组织TN和TP含量明显下降.根中TN和TP含量在全年中基本维持稳定.植物净吸收随植物生长情况而改变,按全年衡算,当湿地进水TN和TP负荷分别为61.39和7.39 g/(m2·a)时,植物地上生物量吸收TN和TP分别占湿地TN和TP总去除量的46.0%和26.8%,植物吸收仍起到重要作用.      

DEVELOPMENT OF A BACTERIAL TRANSPORT MODEL FOR COARSE SOILS1

ABSTRACT: A bacterial transport model, developed to analyze bacterial translocation in coarse-grained soils, is presented. The complex governing equation is presented first, followed by analyses of each of the major processes influencing bacterial transport. These analyses suggest simplification of the governing equation is feasible when input data on specific processes are limited or unavailable. Model parameters, including bacterial die-off, bacterial distribution, input bacterial concentration, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, were randomly generated using a procedure known to produce either a normal or log-normal distribution of random numbers. Monte Carlo simulations were completed, and the resulting output was used to generate cumulative frequency distributions showing the probability of bacterial transport beyond various soil depths. Results from these simulations indicate that bacteria have a high probability of traveling through coarse-grained soils when low clay content and soil water temperatures limit bacterial retention and die-off.     

Appropriateness of needles of different conifer species for the feeding and growth of larvae from two populations of the Siberian moth

A comparison of two Siberian moth populations from the Altai Republic (feeding on Siberian fir) and the Tyva Republic (feeding on Siberian larch) has revealed no differences between them with respect to ecophysiological parameters of larval growth and feeding on needles of the same conifer species under laboratory conditions. The index of appropriateness of food plants for the larvae from both populations decreases in the series larch > fir > spruce > pine. The age-related dynamics of parameters characterizing the feeding and growth of larvae are independent of the population to which the insects belong.