Scarcity, growth and R&D

The limits to economic growth due to resource scarcity can be alleviated only by the development of backstop substitutes. This paper combines resource-based economic growth with R&D to reduce the cost of backstop technologies. Characterizing the entire dynamics of optimal growth and R&D processes, we find that an economy's growth prospects depend on its type, as determined by its production technology and learning ability, and by its knowledge–capital endowment. A wide variety of growth patterns emerges, ranging from cases in which an economy that without R&D eventually stagnates (converges to a steady state) is diverted by R&D onto a path of sustained growth, to cases in which R&D is not warranted. Resource scarcity is shown to encourage R&D due to the increased reliance on the backstop technology.     

金龟子绿僵菌固体培养条件的筛选

测定了不同温度和pH及碳氮源、微量元素对金龟子绿僵菌菌丝生长及产孢的影响．结果表明：pH7、温度25℃最适合绿僵菌生长，固体培养中蔗糖为碳源、酵母为氮源、加入微量元素Mn，金龟子绿僵菌生长最好、产孢量最高．用正交方法探索了金龟子绿僵菌的最适固体培养条件．表6参10     

清洁生产审核中经济评估指标的应用

在清洁生产审核中，经济评估是对清洁生产方案的综合性全面经济分析。通过评估分析，比较各种备选方案，为投资决策选择效益最佳的方案提供依据。本文通过对水泥厂清洁生产审核经济评估指标的分析，详细阐述各项评估指标的运用效果。     

芦苇化感组分对斜生栅藻Scenedesmus obliquus生长特性的影响

水华或赤潮现象是备受关注的环境问题之一。利用植物化感作用抑制藻类生长作为一种新型的生物抑藻技术在近年来开始受到研究者的重视,并取得了一定的研究成果。文章研究了从芦苇PhragmitiscommunisTrin中分离得到的化感组分对斜生栅藻Scenedesmusobliquus生长特性的影响。在藻类的对数生长期向培养液中投加不同浓度的化感组分,分别测定并观察了培养期间受试藻种藻密度、藻细胞结构和群体形态的变化。结果表明,该化感组分在培养初期对斜生栅藻藻密度的增长具有明显的抑制作用,半效应质量浓度(EC50,4d)值为0.45mg·L-1,但在培养6d后,出现促进作用,且随投加浓度的增加而增强。斜生栅藻生长受到抑制期间,藻细胞形态变大,投加0.5mg·L-1化感组分时,藻细胞平均宽度是对照组的2倍。TEM观察观察结果表明藻细胞亚显微结构受到破坏。另外,EMA提高了斜生栅藻的沉降性和吸附性。     

DEFORMITIES IN CULTURED CHIRONOMUS TENTANS LARVAE AND THE INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND MENTUM WEAR

Effects of four substrates (shredded papertowelling, coarse sand, fine sand, and silty clay)on growth, survival and mentum wear of Chironomustentans larvae were investigated in thelaboratory. Three categories of mentum wear were defined:minimal, moderate and substantial. Thenumber of larvae with worn mentum teeth did not differ in anyof the four substrates. However, thenumber of larvae with minimal wear of their teeth wassignificantly different among the substrates andwas in the order coarse sand > shredded paper towelling >clay/silt > fine sand. Mentumdeformities were observed in the cultured larvae, presumablybecause of inbreeding and not the effectof treatment. Differences in biomass and survival of larvaeamong the substrates were not significant(p<0.05), however, there was a trend for lower survival inthe sand substrates. These findingssuggest that shredded paper towelling is the most suitablereference substrate. The occurrence ofnatural abnormalities must be considered when using chironomidmouthpart deformities as an index of environmental degradation.     

One independent variable rate equation describing utilization of biodegradable organic matter in activated sludge processes

This investigation aims to represent aerobic utilization of biodegradable organic matter present in wastewater by a rate equation. This rate equation can then be used to develop a substrate utilization (removal) kinetic model for unsteady state activated sludge process. To achieve this objective, theoretical utilization of biodegradable organic matter in batch process and growth pattern theory were studied. Also, experimental data representing removal of organic matter in different types of wastewaters were collected and analyzed for batch and continuous activated sludge assays. A rate equation was proposed to describe the utilization of biodegradable organic matter based on theoretical analysis of batch process. This rate equation was then verified through differential and integral analysis of the experimental data. Furthermore, a substrate kinetic model for batch and continuous processes was developed. The developed rate equation will facilitate the analysis and design of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology for biological treatment of wastewater.     

Persistence and Dissipation of Readymix Formulations of Insecticides In/On Okra Fruits

Dissipation behaviour of ready mix polytrin C 44EC (profenophos 40% + cypermethrin 4%) and spark 36EC (triazophos 35%+.deltamethrin 1%) applied at 1 L/ha in okra crop during Kharif in year 2000 was studied at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment. Dissipation on 7th day was found to be maximum (98.4%) for profenophos followed by triazophos (86.2%), cypermethrin (73.5%) and deltamethrin (55.7%). Half life (t1/2) values for the above insecticides were 1.35, 2.55, 4.11 and 7.60 days, respectively. All the insecticides followed a first order kinetics. Profenophos and triazophos followed a biphasic dissipation pattern with faster dissipation in phase I (0–1 days) and manifesting slower rate of dissipation in phase II (1–7 days).     

An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

Zn2+和Cd2+对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应

为探究Zn2+和Cd2+对轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应,在不同温度(15、20和25 ℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)不同密度(0.5×106、1.0×106和2.0×106 mL-1)下,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,采用3 d种群累积培养方法,研究了不同 Zn2+污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)分别为0.315、0.630和1.260 mg/L〕、Cd2+污染处理组〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.073、0.145和0.289 mg/L〕、Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.315、0.073 mg/L,0.630、0.145 mg/L和1.260、0.289 mg/L〕 对轮虫种群增长率和混交雌体百分率的影响. 结果表明:当藻密度为0.5×106和2.0×106 mL-1时,与对照组相比,随着温度上升,对轮虫种群增长率产生抑制作用的处理组数明显增加,高温(25 ℃)下,所有处理组均显著降低轮虫种群增长率. 15和20 ℃下,与较低、中等藻密度(0.5×106、1.0×106 mL-1)相比,较高藻密度(2.0×106 mL-1)下轮虫种群受到毒性影响的处理组数明显减少;25 ℃下,各处理组轮虫种群增长率均随藻密度的升高而增加. 在温度为15和20 ℃、藻密度为0.5×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为1.260、0.289 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为1.260 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.289 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率;温度为25 ℃、藻密度为2.0×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.630、0.145 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为0.630 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.145 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率. 研究显示,温度、藻密度和重金属质量浓度之间的交互作用对轮虫种群增长率的影响大于其对混交雌体百分率的影响,随着温度的升高和藻密度的降低,Zn2+、Cd2+对轮虫的单一和联合毒性效应增加.      

Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: the role of stress appraisal

The purpose of this study was to establish the relation between resiliency and the level of positive changes, comprising posttraumatic growth in a group of firefighters experiencing job-related traumatic events and the mediating role of stress appraisal in this relation. The study was performed on a group of 100 firefighters from firefighting and rescue brigades, out of which 75 admitted to experiencing a traumatic event. Firefighters covered by the study were on average 31.51 years old (SD?=?6.34). A Polish version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Resiliency Assessment Scale and Stress Appraisal Questionnaire were used in the study. The results have shown that 22.7% of firefighters displayed low, 58.6% average and 18.7% high intensity of positive changes resulting from a traumatic event. Resiliency poorly correlates with posttraumatic growth expressed in changes in self-perception, and strongly correlates with stress appraisal, negatively correlates with threat and harm/loss and positively correlates with challenge. Appraisal of stress as a threat and challenge appeared to be mediators of the relationship between resiliency and posttraumatic growth.