汤参-井水氡异常特征研究

汤参-井水氡2008年度出现明显异常,本文进行了深入地分析研究。通过对比研究该井其他测项以及与其相邻的台站水氡资料,发现其他测项没有出现与汤参-井水氡同步大幅度异常,排除了汤参-井地下地应力显著改变的可能性,认为汤参-井水氡异常主要原因是由于其周围大量的地热井开采导致汤参-井地下水在流出地面越来越慢所致。     

典型手性农药的光解研究

文章以汞灯为光源,在对映体水平上考察了六种典型手性农药的光化学降解。丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、稻丰散、三唑酮和甲氰菊酯等五种农药含有1个手性中心,存在两个对映体,对各对映体分别进行光解,结果表明光解速率基本一致,且几种手性农药是手性稳定的,未发现对映体转化现象,几种农药中有机磷农药降解较快,而甲氰菊酯降解最慢,半衰期长达280h。氯氰菊酯含有3个手性中心,存在4个可在非手性硅胶柱上得到拆分的异构体,每个异构体又存在两个对映体,因此共8个对映体。进一步对氯氰菊酯的一个反式异构体所含的一个单一对映体进行光解,结果发现存在一定的异构体转化,氯氰菊酯的另外3个异构体均有生成,按氯氰菊酯各异构体总量计算的光解半衰期为66.7h。     

Monitoring and assessment of radionuclide discharges from Temelín Nuclear Power Plant into the Vltava River (Czech Republic)

The paper summarizes impacts of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) on the Vltava and Labe River basins. The study is based on the results of long-term monitoring carried out before the plant operation (1989–2000), and subsequently during the plant operation (2001–2005). In the first period, the main objective was to determine background radionuclide levels remaining in the environment after global fallout and due to the Chernobyl accident. A decrease in the concentrations of ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs, which was observed before the plant operation, continued also during the subsequent period. Apart from tritium, the results of the observation did not indicate any impacts of the plant on the concentrations of activation and fission products in the hydrosphere. The annual average tritium concentrations in the Vltava River were in agreement with predicted values. The maximum annual average tritium concentration (13.5 Bq L⁻¹) was observed in 2004 downstream from the wastewater discharge in the Vltava River at Solenice. Estimated radiation doses for adults due to intakes of river water as drinking water contaminated by tritium are below 0.1 μSv y⁻¹.     

新兴污染物BP-3和BP-4的好氧生物降解性能

采用欧洲经济合作与发展组织（OECD）的生物降解测试标准方法——301F测压呼吸计量法,考察了2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮（BP-3）和2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮-5-磺酸（BP-4）的好氧生物降解性能,并研究了降解动力学及共代谢现象。实验结果表明：BP-3和BP-4的可生物降解率分别为68.36%和41.34%;根据OECD快速降解性判定标准,BP-3划归为易快速降解物质,而BP-4为不易快速降解物质;两种物质的生物降解可用一级动力学描述,半衰期分别为1.986 d和2.806 d;根据欧盟法规《化学品的注册、评估、授权和限制》（REACH法规）,BP-3和BP-4均非持久性物质;与苯甲酸钠共存时,BP-3和BP-4的降解过程均表现出共代谢现象。     

典型室内公共场所灰尘中PBDEs污染特征及源解析

为探索以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）为代表的半挥发性有机化合物在典型室内公共场所中的污染特征及与材料的关系,在网咖、电子市场、建材市场、商场和图书城5类典型公共场所采集分析了灰尘样品,利用环境模拟舱研究了不同污染源材料中PBDEs的挥发强度系数（K_vsPBDEs）、衰减半衰期,结合主成分分析（PCA）分析了PBDEs的浓度与不同室内材料间的关系.结果表明,杭州5类典型室内公共场所灰尘中∑₁₄PBDEs的平均值分别为：网咖（2471.75ng/g）>电子市场（1071.77ng/g）>建材市场（900.63ng/g）>商场（441.27ng/g）>图书城（243.36ng/g）.所选取的10种室内典型污染源材料中∑₁₄PBDEs含量最高的为保温棉（91.61μg/g）,最低的为电路板（7.97μg/g）;K_vsPBDEs最高的为电线[14.04×10⁴μg/（g·m²）],最低的是纤维墙纸[0.87×10⁴μg/（g·m²）];塑料地毯、保温棉和纤维墙纸在40℃下的衰减半衰期分别为192,375和61d.研究发现室内公共场所中PBDEs的浓度与不同材料有关：网咖中PBDEs主要来自于纤维墙纸和电线;超市和图书城中PBDEs主要来自于陶瓷阻燃布和混纺地毯;建材市场中PBDEs主要来自于保温棉、电路板和塑料墙纸;电子市场中PBDEs主要来自于纤维阻燃布和电线.     

Impact of soil amendments on metribuzin and DCPA half-lives and mobility into agricultural runoff water

The retention and behavior of two herbicides, metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-4, 5-dihydro-3-methylthio-1, 2, 4-triazin-5-one] and DCPA [1, 4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrachloro-, dimethyl] ester, in runoff and seepage water from agricultural fields were investigated. The objectives of this investigation were to: (i) determine the dissipation and half-life (T _1/2) of metribuzin and DCPA herbicides in soil under three management practices: chicken manure (CM), sewage sludge (SS), and no-mulch native soil (NM); (ii) monitor herbicides residues in runoff and infiltration water following addition of soil amendments; and (iii) determine the impact of soil amendments on the transport of NO₃, NH₄, and PO₄ from soil into surface and subsurface water. Half-life (T _1/2) values of metribuzin were 24, 18, and 12 d in CM, SS, and NM treatments, respectively. Similarly, T _1/2 values of DCPA were greater in CM and SS incorporated soil (45.8 and 52.2 d, respectively) compared to NM native soil (26.2 d). Addition of CM and SS to native agricultural soil increased water infiltration, lowering runoff water volume and herbicide residues in runoff following natural rainfall events. We concluded that soil amendments could be used to intercept pesticide-contaminated runoff from agricultural fields. This practice might provide a potential solution to pesticide contamination of surface and seepage water from farmlands.     

Kinetics of metribuzin release from bentonite-polymer composites in water

A series of bentonite polymer-composites (BPCs) loaded with metribuzin were studied for their controlled release in aqueous medium. The release of active ingredient from BPCs was significantly lower as compared to commercial metribuzin formulation. The results revealed that the cumulative metribuzin release was highest (81%) from the BPCs containing 8% clay (commercial bentonite) and 2% metribuzin which correspond to the lowest (14 days) half-life values i.e., time required for 50% release of active ingredient (t_1/2). The metribuzin release from the BPCs decreased with increased concentration of clays in polymer matrix and the release was further decreased with BPCs prepared with pure nano-bentonite. BPCs containing 12% clay and 2% metribuzin showed maximum t_1/2 values i.e., 25 and 51 days for commercial bentonite and pure nano-bentonite as clay sources, respectively. The differential behaviour in the metribuzin release rates from BPCs was ascribed due to variations in crosslinking of metribuzin in the composites. As metribuzin release was found to be slower in BPCs compared to commercial formulation, it could be used for control of weeds tailored to different crops.     

3D-QSAR study on atmospheric half-lives of POPs using CoMFA and CoMSIA

3D-QSAR studies of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)screening for atmosphere persistence were performed by comparative molecular field analysis(CoMFA)and comparative molecular similarity index analysis(CoMSIA)methods.The mean and maximum half-life estimations for degradation in air of 49 UNEP POPs and possible POPs were modeled.Both groups’data have been modeled to obtain an average estimate and a predictive value for ranking and screening purposes.CoMFA and CoMSIA models have given cross-validation regre...     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)及其归趋研究

介绍了持久性有机污染物的定义、特性和来源 ,研究了它们的全球归趋并探讨了机理。提出了应加强国际合作来研究持久性有机污染物并指出了应重点研究的方向     

R-工程菌表达产物酯酶B1的纯化及其特性

为将酯酶B1应用于果蔬农药残留的降解,对其进行分离纯化,并对其酶学特性进行研究。R-工程菌在LB液体培养基中37℃震荡培养14 h,细胞经石英砂冰浴研磨破壁,粗提酶液经硫酸铵分级盐析、Sephadex G-50分子筛柱层析脱盐、DEAE-Sepharose FastFlow离子交换层析、Sephadex G-75分子筛柱层析得到凝胶电泳均一的酯酶B1。SDS-PAGE结果表明,该酶分子量为67 kDa。酯酶B1的纯化倍数为43.4,收率为2.94％。该酶的最佳作用条件是37℃、pH=7.O,常温(25℃)下,酯酶B1的半衰期为62 h,42℃时该酶仍然十分稳定。酶促反应动力学曲线采用双倒数法,37℃时最大酶促反应速度Vm=0.73 mg/(mL·min),米氏常数Km=3.89 mg/mL。酯酶B1活力强、在常温下反应速度快、稳定高,说明其用于果蔬农残降解在技术上是可行的。本文将酯酶B1纯化至电泳纯,因而工艺复杂、收率较低,但在实际应用中,只需进行粗分离,工艺简单,收率高达70％,因此,该酶的开发应用在经济上也是可行的。