Effects of vent layout and vent area on dynamic characteristics of premixed methane-air explosion in a tube with two side-vented ducts

To further elucidate the influence mechanism of side vents on the dynamic characteristics of gas explosions in tubes is helpful to design more reasonable vent layouts. In this paper, 9.5% methane-air explosion experiments were conducted in a tube with two side-vented ducts, and the effects of vent layouts and vent areas on the dynamic characteristics of explosion overpressure and flame propagation speed were investigated. The results demonstrate that under the same condition with a single vent area of 100 mm × 100 mm, when only the end vent is open, the maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum flame propagation speed are the highest among the five vent layouts. When the side vents 1 and 2 and the end vent are open, the maximum explosion overpressure is the lowest, and an unusual discovery is that the flame front changes into a hemispherical shape, finger shape, quasi-plane shape, tulip shape and wrinkled structure. When only side vent 1 is open, a unique Helmholtz oscillation occurs, and a new discovery is that there is a consistent oscillation relationship among the overpressure, flame propagation speed and flame structure. Helmholtz oscillation occurs only when a single vent area is 100 mm × 100 mm–60 mm × 60 mm, and the oscillation degree decreases with decreasing vent area. During the vent failure stage, the maximum explosion overpressure is generated, the flame front begins to appear irregular shape, and the flame propagation speed shows a prominent characteristic peak. After the vent failure stage, the driving effect of the end vent on the flame is higher than that of the side vent on the flame. Furthermore, the correlation equations of the mathematical relationships among the maximum explosion overpressure P_red, the static activation pressure P_stat and the vent coefficient K_v under four vent layouts are established, respectively.     

A new multiple-risk map approach to solve process plant layout considering safety and economic aspects

Mathematical models used to optimize the process plant layout (PPL) with risk reduction have four primary objectives, which are related to the minimization of land, pumping (pipe system), protection system devices, and risk costs. Moreover, these models are of two types: continuous plane models (CPM) and grid-based models (GBM); however, the nonconvexity of the CPM models makes difficult to achieve the global optimum, because it is formulated as Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP). Thus, the risk map approach has been implemented with the grid-based models to solve problems of process plant layout focused on finding the best possible solution. However, these risk map formulations present important limitations, mainly related with the use of protection devices and the occupied area. Therefore, a new GBM-MILP formulation is proposed to optimize the selection of protection devices and minimize the occupied area. The risk is reduced through the investment on safety devices instead of considering the increase of separation distances. The proposed model was used to solve the layout problem of an ethylene oxide process, and the results was compared with a process layout reported in the literature. The results show that the model can provide the best possible solution; however, the time spent in the calculation is considerably greater than that reported for continuous plane models. Finally, the model can be used by decision-makers to evaluate different layout options for several explosion scenarios, during the early stages of the plant design.     

性能化设计思想在化工设施布局安全设计中的应用

指令性规范是目前化工设施平面布局安全设计的主要依据,但其在应用中存在着条款僵化、安全理论基础不全面、可拓展性不明确等问题。本文将性能化设计思想引入到化工企业平面布局安全设计中,初步提出了一种包含危险辨识、性能化目标确定、后果评估及安全设施效用评估等主要组成部分的基于性能化设计思想的平面布局安全设计体系。对体系中最重要的部分—性能化目标确定进行了重点分析,将化工设施布局安全设计分为装置内设备之间的位置设计、厂区内装置区之间的位置设计以及厂区与外部单位之间的位置设计三个级别,从工艺关联性等角度对各级别布局设计中事故场景选择及设施可接受受损水平进行分析,并提出了通过匹配事故场景和设施可接受受损水平来确定性能化目标的方法。     

天津滨海新区环境状况分析及对策建议

天津市滨海新区包括塘沽、汉沽、大港、开发区、保税区、是近年天津最大的经济增长点,是全市经济发展的新龙头。本文依据近年环境的监测结果,分析了滨海新区的环境现状和主要环境问题,在此基础上提出了实现了新区社会、经济发展与环境,资源保护相协调,走可持续发展之路的对策建议。     

centrifugal用热控装置设计

目的 评估飞行器产品在飞行过程对热–离心综合环境的适应性,研制一套热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置。方法 从热–离心试验需求出发,完成综合试验系统总体研制目标及系统方案设计。针对高g值离心环境（离心加速度值≥90g）下的热载荷加载需求,开展基于热传导的热载荷加载方法研究,并完成适用于高g值环境的热控装置硬件布局优化设计。提出基于分段包络思想的产品响应温度梯度分布效应模拟方法及实现,减少过试验考核。结果 利用该热控装置完成了热–离心综合环境功能验证试验,设置最大加速度为92g,保载时间为3 min,最高加热温度为150℃,最大温升速率为3℃/min,3温区控制,升温过程中,温度误差优于±1.5℃。结论 该热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置可用于飞行器产品热–离心综合环境试验的考核。     

省级尺度大气环境监测优化布点研究

以湖北省大气环境质量监测优化布点分析为例 ,对省级尺度的大气环境监测省控测点的选站原则、省控站位及数目的确定进行了研究探讨 ,提出了省级尺度大气环境监测优化布点的综合分析方法     

福建省“十二五”期间临港石化产业环境风险及防范对策初探

重点分析了福建省十二五期间临港石化工业发展在围填海、污染物累积、事故性排放等方面可能产生的环境风险,从加强环境跟踪评价、突出特征污染物的总量控制、环境风险应急预案设置、加强环境监管机构的设置等方面,提出十二五期间福建省石化工业环境风险防范的重点。     

开发区区域环评中规划布局的调整建议——以山东省某经济开发区环评为例

以山东省某经济开发区环评为例,分析开发区内各功能区布局的优劣势条件及其合理性,提出对开发区内各功能区布局的调整建议,探讨开发区功能区布局的评价指标体系、调整原则、思路、方法,提出该开发区功能区布局的调整方案,并对提出的调整方案进行综合对比,最终给出较为合理的功能区布局调整方案,促进开发区的可持续发展。     

中国低碳城镇化的问题及对策选择

考虑到城镇化是我国未来能源消费和碳排放增长的主要驱动因素,也是推动我国低碳发展转型的重要着力点,本文在文献调研和专家研讨的基础上,从空间布局、规划、城市建设等领域分析了我国当前城镇化进程高碳排放的主要问题。研究结果表明,我国当前规模城镇化特点较为突出,存在盲目做大城市经济总量和提高城镇化水平的现象;城市空间蔓延增长矛盾突出,城市规划在理念、指标和内容设置等领域均不能满足低碳发展的需要;与城市建设密切相关的能源、建筑运行、交通领域未形成有效的低碳发展模式,城镇地区能耗密度过大且能源结构以煤为主,城镇建设低质低效、节能潜力未有效挖掘,低碳的公共交通模式和基础设施建设不完善等。为积极推动低碳城镇化,本文建议以建立针对能源消费和碳排放的总量约束和控制制度、健全低碳发展相关的法律标准体系、改变传统规划理念促进城镇空间布局低碳发展、将低碳发展指标融入城市规划体系、完善城镇化低碳治理模式等方面为着力点,在满足人民生活品质合理提升需求的同时有效控制城镇化过程中的碳排放,破解城镇化道路中化石能源消费和碳排放快速上升带来的能源资源约束和生态环境问题,使推动低碳城镇化成为一个顺势而为、水到渠成的发展过程。     

基于环境效率评价的成渝经济区产业结构与布局优化

优化、高效的产业结构及布局是区域经济社会环境全面发展的必备条件。借用区位商的指标设计理念,尝试性地提出了产业环境商和区域环境商的概念和计算公式,并以此为基础对成渝经济区的产业结构及空间布局进行了优化,为基于区域资源禀赋、产业基础、产业竞争力等经济社会指标优化产业结构和空间布局的传统范式加入了新视角和新方法,也为环保部门参与综合决策提供了新的理论支撑。从缓解酸雨问题入手,基于各行业SO2排放的区域环境商和产业环境商测算结果,对成渝经济区产业结构进行了优化。在此基础上,以造纸业为例,基于各地市SO2排放的区域环境商的测算结果,结合各地市SO2的可增排量和造纸业的产业发展现状,对成渝经济区造纸业的空间布局进行了优化