LNAPLs污染物在层状非均质多孔介质中的运移试验研究

文章通过室内试验研究层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,LNAPL)的运移机制与分布特性。首先,在二维砂槽上进行LNAPL的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机进行拍照,把LANPL的扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后,用AutoCAD对图片进行分析处理,得出不同时刻LNAPL的入渗锋面变化图。结果发现,介质结构突变面改变了LNAPL的迁移模式。在LNAPL由中砂进入细砂层后,由于受到毛细作用的增强,其运移速度加快;而由中砂进入粗砂,受粗砂介质阻滞作用增强的影响,LNAPL运移速度变小。当LNAPL由干砂进入湿润砂体时,由于孔隙水浮托力增大,LNAPL先产生纵向运移,随后以横向迁移的形式在地下水位上部聚积。当达到一定厚度后,LNAPL的压头足以克服浮托力,驱替孔隙水进入砂土孔隙。另外,LNAPL的厚度足够大时,方可克服饱水层受到的浮托力,在地下水位上形成LNAPL池,并因孔隙水向周围砂体排泄,LNAPL池周围的水位上升。     

非均相类Fenton试剂的制备及其在焦化废水处理中的应用研究

利用浸渍法,将Fe3＋负载在经酸碱改性后的粉状活性炭上,当浸渍液浓度为2．5％,固化温度为270℃时,制成的催化剂催化活性较高。用自制的非均相类benton试剂降解焦化废水,通过正交试验和极差分析得出,影响因素的主次顺序为催化剂用量〉初始pH值〉反应时间〉H：0：投加量。结果表明,在100ml水样中。室温条件下,初始pH值为4．0,催化剂使用量为1．5g,H20：投加量为5ml（分两次投加）,反应时间为90min时,COD去除率可达99％。采用混凝＋化学沉淀＋非均相类Fenton试剂法处理焦化废水,各主要出水水质指标为：色度lO倍;COD浓度38．5mg／L;氨氮浓度8．4mg／L,达到国家一级排放标准。     

含砷毒剂降解产物三苯胂对大豆萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度三苯胂(Triphenylarsine,TPA)沙质室内培养东北代表性作物大豆,研究日本遗弃在华化学武器("日遗化武")装填毒剂的主要降解产物之——TPA(C18H15As)对大豆萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在0 mg/kg～400 mg/kg TPA浓度范围内,大豆受到的毒性效应随浓度增大而增大,直至无法生长;试验大豆的萌发率、根长、下胚轴长和株高等形态指标均随着培养介质中TPA浓度的增加而出现抑制效应明显增加的趋势;其中根系是大豆幼苗期砷累积的主要器官,也是对环境TPA毒害效应最敏感、响应最早的部位之一。日遗华武泄漏造成的土壤污染若处理不当会对埋藏地种植的大豆作物生长产生影响。     

道路生态影响评价方法研究：以兰海高速公路为例

提出了将道路生态影响问题划分为3个尺度来进行评价,并根据不同尺度的生态特征采用不同的方法和指标,从而系统、定量的评价道路建设和运行所带来的生态影响.小尺度问题采用野外调查和样方对比的方法;中尺度问题主要依靠不同分辨率的遥感监测,辅之野外调研;大尺度问题主要依靠遥感和GIS结合进行分析.以兰海高速公路为例,运用该系统进行评价,取得了良好的结果.因此,该体系方法可以作为道路生态影响评价和研究的借鉴和参考.     

Fe3O4/TiO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系对3，4-二氯三氟甲苯的降解

用Fe_3O_4/Ti O_2-H_2O_2体系对3,4-二氯三氟甲苯(3,4-DCBTE)进行降解反应研究,同时考察了pH值、催化剂投加量、H_2O_2投加量、温度等因素对3,4-DCBTE降解效率的影响.实验结果表明,Fe_3O_4/Ti O_2-H_2O_2非均相类Fenton体系对3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的处理效果极佳;并且在H_2O_2投加量为45.0 mg·L~(-1)、Fe_3O_4/TiO_2的物质的量比为1∶1、pH=3.0、温度为40.0℃的条件下反应效果最佳,去除率高达99.1%.同时从实验结果可以看出,pH在2.0~7.0范围内该体系对3,4-二氯三氟甲苯均有降解效果,说明该体系相比于传统的Fenton体系有较宽的pH适用范围.目标污染物的降解符合一级反应动力学,其发生反应所需的活化能为36.9 k J·mol~(-1).     

Empirical and simulated critical loads for nitrogen deposition in California mixed conifer forests

Empirical critical loads (CL) for N deposition were determined from changes in epiphytic lichen communities, elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in streamwater, and reduced fine root biomass in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) at sites with varying N deposition. The CL for lichen community impacts of 3.1kg ha(-1) year(-1) is expected to protect all components of the forest ecosystem from the adverse effects of N deposition. Much of the western Sierra Nevada is above the lichen-based CL, showing significant changes in lichen indicator groups. The empirical N deposition threshold and that simulated by the DayCent model for enhanced NO(3)(-)leaching were 17kg N ha(-1) year(-1). DayCent estimated that elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in the San Bernardino Mountains began in the late 1950s. Critical values for litter C:N (34.1), ponderosa pine foliar N (1.1%), and N concentrations (1.0%) in the lichen Letharia vulpina ((L.) Hue) are indicative of CL exceedance.     

Humic substances

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Freshwater bodies which chemistry is dominated by dissolved humic substances (HS) seem to be the major type on Earth, due to huge non-calcareous geological formations in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. Based on the paradigm of the inertness of being organic, direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms are mostly neglected. However, dissolved organic carbon, the majority of which being HS, are natural environmental chemicals and should therefore directly interact with organisms. Major results that widened our perspective on humic substance ecology come from experiments with the compost nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which behaved contradictorily to textbook knowledge and provoked an in-depth re-consideration of some paradigms. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with organisms, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own ongoing studies. RESULTS: This review focuses on direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms and disregards indirect effects, such as under-water light quenching. Instead we show with some macrophyte and algal species that HS adversely interfere with photosynthesis and growth, whereby closely related algal species show different response patterns. In addition to this, HS suppress cyanobacteria more than eukaryotic algae. Quinones in the HS appear to be the effective structure. Furthermore, HS can modulate the offspring numbers in the nematode C. elegans and cause feminization of fish and amphibians--they possess hormone-like properties. The ecological consequences of this potential remain obscure at present. HS also have the potential to act as chemical attractants as shown with C. elegans and exert a mild chemical stress upon aquatic organisms in many ways: induction of molecular chaperons (stress proteins), induction and modulation of biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they produce an oxidative stress with lipidperoxidation as one clear symptom or even stress defense strategy. Stronger chemical stresses by HS may even lead to teratogenic effects as shown with fish embryos; all physiological responses to HS-mediated stress require energy, which were compensated on the expense of yolk as shown with zebra fish embryos. One Finnish field survey supports the view of a strong chemical stress, as the weight yield in fish species decreases with increasing HS content in the lakes. DISCUSSION: HS exert a variety of stress symptoms in aquatic and compost organisms. According to current paradigms of ecotoxicology, these symptoms have to be considered adverse, because their compensation consumes energy which is deducted from the main metabolism. However, the nematode C. elegans looks actively for such stressful environments, and this behavior is only understandable in the light of new paradigms of aging mechanisms, particularly the Green Theory of Aging. In this respect, we discuss the mild HS-mediated stress to aquatic and compost organisms. New empirical findings with HS themselves and HS building blocks appear to be consistent with this emerging paradigm and show that the individual lifespan may be expanded. At present the ecological consequences of these findings remain obscure. However, a multiple-stress resistance may be acquired which improves the individual fitness in a fluctuating environment. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that dissolved HS have to be considered abiotic ecological driving forces, somewhat less obvious than temperature, nutrients, or light. PERSPECTIVES: The understanding of the ecological control by dissolved humic substances is still fragmentary and needs to be studied in more details.     

Comparison of forest edge effects on throughfall deposition in different forest types

This study examined the influence of distance to the forest edge, forest type, and time on Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺ throughfall deposition in forest edges. The forests were dominated by pedunculate oak, silver birch, or Corsican/Austrian pine, and were situated in two regions of Flanders (Belgium). Along transects, throughfall deposition was monitored at distances of 0-128 m from the forest edge. A repeated-measures analysis demonstrated that time, forest type, and distance to the forest edge significantly influenced throughfall deposition of the ions studied. The effect of distance to the forest edge depended significantly on forest type in the deposition of Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NO₃⁻: the edge effect was significantly greater in pine stands than in deciduous birch and oak stands. This finding supports the possibility of converting pine plantations into oak or birch forests in order to mitigate the input of nitrogen and potentially acidifying deposition.     

Review of the effects of in-stream pipeline crossing construction on aquatic ecosystems and examination of Canadian methodologies for impact assessment

Pipeline crossing construction alters river and stream channels, hence may have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. This review examines the effects of crossing construction on fish and fish habitat in rivers and streams, and recommends an approach to monitoring and assessment of impacts associated with these activities. Pipeline crossing construction is shown to not only compromise the integrity of the physical and chemical nature of fish habitat, but also to affect biological habitat (e.g., benthic invertebrates and invertebrate drift), and fish behavior and physiology. Indicators of effect include: water quality (total suspended solids TSS), physical habitat (substrate particle size, channel morphology), benthic invertebrate community structure and drift (abundance, species composition, diversity, standing crop), and fish behavior and physiology (hierarchy, feeding, respiration rate, loss of equilibrium, blood hematocrit and leukocrit levels, heart rate and stroke volume). The Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) approach, which is often applied in Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM), is recommended as a basis for impact assessment, as is consideration of site-specific sensitivities, assessment of significance, and cumulative effects.     

Production of soybean ethanol-based biodiesel using CaO heterogeneous catalysts promoted by Zn,K and Mg

This article focuses on the optimization of the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil using CaO-based heterogeneous catalysts. Three different catalytic promoters were evaluated: Magnesium, zinc, and potassium. The reaction has evaluated the promoter content (promoter to calcium molar ratio), catalyst load, alcohol to oil molar ratio, and temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the influence of each variable on the yield of biodiesel. The addition of K₂O or MgO in the catalyst has enhanced the yield in fatty acid ethyl esters, while the use of ZnO as a promoter was not successful.