乌梁素海浮游动物与底栖动物调查及水质评价

于2004年4,8和10月及2005年1月分别对乌梁素海浮游动物进行了监测,共检出浮游动物34属62种. 其中,原生动物11属16种;轮虫17属33种;枝角类4属4种;桡足类5属9种. 大型浮游动物的年均丰度为687 L-1,年均生物量为3.498 5 mg/L;原生动物年均丰度为2.508×104 L-1,年均生物量为0.125 4 mg/L. 于2004年8和10月进行了2次调查,共获底栖动物4科11种,底栖动物平均丰度为3 031.4 m-2,平均生物量为71.672 g/m2. 调查结果显示,随着季节的变化,浮游动物的丰度及生物量变化幅度很大,夏季最高,春季次之,秋、冬两季极低. 利用浮游动物和底栖动物的生物量作为水体状况评价指标,对乌梁素海营养状况进行的初步评价表明,乌梁素海水体处于富营养化状态.      

Invasive species impacts on ecosystem structure and function: A comparison of Oneida Lake, New York, USA, before and after zebra mussel invasion

Exotic species invasion is widely considered to affect ecosystem structure and function. Yet, few contemporary approaches can assess the effects of exotic species invasion at such an inclusive level. Our research presents one of the first attempts to examine the effects of an exotic species at the ecosystem level in a quantifiable manner. We used ecological network analysis (ENA) and a social network analysis (SNA) method called cohesion analysis to examine the effect of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion on the Oneida Lake, New York, USA, food web. We used ENA to quantify ecosystem function through an analysis of food web carbon transfer that explicitly incorporated flow over all food web paths (direct and indirect). The cohesion analysis assessed ecosystem structure through an organization of food web members into subgroups of strongly interacting predators and prey. Our analysis detected effects of zebra mussel invasion throughout the entire Oneida Lake food web, including changes in trophic flow efficiency (i.e., carbon flow among trophic levels) and alterations of food web organization (i.e., paths of carbon flow) and ecosystem activity (i.e., total carbon flow). ENA indicated that zebra mussels altered food web function by shunting carbon from pelagic to benthic pathways, increasing dissipative flow loss, and decreasing ecosystem activity. SNA revealed the strength of zebra mussel perturbation as evidenced by a reorganization of food web subgroup structure, with a decrease in importance of pelagic pathways, a concomitant rise of benthic pathways, and a reorganization of interactions between top predator fish. Together, these analyses allowed for a holistic understanding of the effects of zebra mussel invasion on the Oneida Lake food web.     

洞庭湖平原中小型湖群沉积物铬污染特征与评价

于2007年采集洞庭湖平原地区10个中小型湖泊沉积物样品33个(其中表层样品29个,柱状样品4个),对沉积物重金属元素Cr的空间分布特征及其污染等级进行研究. 各湖泊表层沉积物中w(Cr)普遍高于环境背景值,其w(Cr)平均值排序为岳阳南湖>大通湖>珊珀湖>东湖>黄盖湖>安乐湖>北民湖>柳叶湖>毛里湖>芭蕉湖. 各湖柱状沉积物中w(Cr)由底层到表层的垂向上呈现不同的波动趋势. 各湖沉积物的铬污染程度按湖泊类型划分,表现为城市湖泊>投肥养殖型湖泊>人放天养型湖泊. 地累积指数法评价结果显示,洞庭湖平原地区中小型湖群沉积物中铬污染较轻,4个湖泊的10个采样点为偏中度污染,9个湖泊18个采样点为轻度污染,1个采样点没有污染.      

艾比湖流域不同植物群落土壤呼吸研究

利用开路式土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8100测定艾比湖流域4种植物群落土壤呼吸速率日变化,分析土壤温度、湿度和气温以及空气相对湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响.结果表明:胡杨、梭梭、芦苇和盐节木4种植物群落的土壤呼吸速率日变化基本呈单峰曲线.胡杨、梭梭和盐节木群落的土壤呼吸速率与地上10 和150 cm处气温均表现为极显著相关.除芦苇群落外,各植物群落土壤呼吸速率与不同深度土壤温度呈极显著负相关.除沙地梭梭群落外,胡杨、盐渍地梭梭、芦苇和盐节木群落的土壤呼吸速率与地上10和150 cm处的空气相对湿度均呈极显著负相关.不同植物群落土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度呈极显著负相关.多元逐步回归拟合的回归模型均达极显著水平,由土壤温度和湿度共同拟合出的回归模型能够解释土壤呼吸速率变化87%以上的原因.不同植物群落土壤呼吸差异原因的分析显示,细菌、真菌、放线菌以及根系干质量不是造成植物群落土壤呼吸差异的主要原因.      

西南喀斯特山地的土壤侵蚀研究探讨

西南喀斯特山区具有独特的喀斯特土壤特征与土壤侵蚀的环境效应,普遍面临着因土壤侵蚀导致的"石漠化"问题.已有研究认为,在气候、地质地貌、植被和人为活动等环境因素的影响下,喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀以混合侵蚀方式进行.但由于对喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀过程的认识不同,致使研究者得出土壤侵蚀强度差异较大的研究结果.有关喀斯特土壤侵蚀系统研究重点应该在土壤侵蚀机制、土壤侵蚀分级强度与土壤合理流失量等方面开展研究.     

基于稳健统计的土壤环境背景值研究及应用

使用稳健统计方法中的位置估计量和尺度估计量对我国某受到人为干扰的地下水水源地C层土壤重金属的背景值进行了研究.结果表明,稳健统计方法对样本中的异常值有较高的耐抗性,计算结果与常规方法相近,因而适用于某些人为干扰地区的土壤环境背景值研究.对该水源地背景值的计算表明,该地区C层土壤Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr,As和Hg的背景值中心分别为21.2,32.5,0.103,60.3,11.0和0.012 mg/kg,其中w(Pb),w(Cd)和w(As)高于山东省平均值. 6种重金属的阈值分别为29.0,43.7,0.143,93.5,21.0和0.080 mg/kg,均小于全国平均上限值,但其中Pb,Cr,As的阈值高于土壤环境质量一级标准. 基于该地区背景值的污染累积指数评价表明,该地区主要重金属污染物为Pb和Hg,主要污染区为污水沟渠周边,污染深度为1～3 m.      

EVALUATION OF THE ROSGEN STREAM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IN CHEQUAMEGON‐NICOLET NATIONAL FOREST,WISCONSIN1

ABSTRACT: Data collected from 121 stream reaches during 1991 to 1993 were evaluated to determine the applicability of the Rosgen Stream Classification System (RSCS) to the low relief terrain within the Chequamegon‐Nicolet National Forest (CNNF) in Wisconsin, USA. All reaches were classified to RSCS Level I and II except that 10.7 percent had sinuosities below the continuum limits and one reach had a predominantly organic substrate. Five of eight possible RSCS Level I types were observed including B, C, D, A, E, and F; 86 percent were C and E types. Seventeen of 94 possible RSCS Level II types were observed. Most reaches were slightly entrenched, had low to moderate width/depth ratios, relatively low sinuosity, low slope, and sand or gravel as the dominant channel material. Discriminant analyses were used to verify the applicability of RSCS for streams within the CNNF; discriminant functions correctly classified 92.5 and 94.7 percent of the Level I and II RSCS types, respectively. When limits for E and F types were modified slightly at Level II by adding an additional category for slopes less than 0.1 percent (a modification we recommend for low relief terrain), discriminant functions correctly classified 99.1 percent of the types. Adding another slope break at 0.3 percent produced similar results. Based on our analyses, RSCS works well within the CNNF and is probably applicable to other areas with low‐relief terrain.     

基于可拓工程方法的鄱阳湖区农地生态退化评价

生态退化是鄱阳湖区农地生产效率低下和农民贫困的主要原因。研究湖区农地生态退化程度和分布规律,是进行湖区农地生态恢复和重建的前提和基础。论文通过选取具有湖区典型特征的研究区域,应用可拓工程方法进行农地生态退化评价研究。结果表明,湖区生态退化的农地占农地总面积的40%左右,主要分布在湖区水面沿线和低山、丘陵地带。森林植被衰退、过度垦殖、围湖造地、农地基础设施投入不足是湖区农地生态退化的主要原因。植树造林、退耕还林还湖、保护湿地、增加基础设施投入是湖区农地生态恢复和重建的主要途径。     

复垦红壤中牧草根际微生物群落功能多样性

通过盆栽试验研究了浙江省诸暨铜矿区复垦红壤牧草根际微生物生物量及群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明,种植不同牧草使矿区土壤根际微生物生物量碳发生了显著的变化,其影响大小因矿区土壤污染程度而异.无污染和轻度污染土壤根际微生物生物量碳变化表现为黑麦草+三叶草>三叶草>黑麦草>未种植土壤,处理间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05),重度污染环境下各处理间差异不明显.Biolog数据分析显示,种植不同牧草的矿区土壤根际微生物群落结构和功能多样性也发生了相应改变,根际土壤微生物群落代谢剖面(AWCD)均显著高于未种植牧草土壤,处理间差异达极显著水平(P<0.001).典型变量分析揭示了不同牧草根际微生物群落利用碳源种类和数量存在明显差异.     

成都市“温、郫、都”生态示范区的战略地位与示范意义

成都市“温、郫、都”生态示范区是全国第一批生态示范区域之一。该示范区是“天府之国”的一个缩影,有优越的区位优势和突出的战略地位,生态示范区代表区域发展新的战略思维和发展模式。