甘肃省城镇不同收入水平群体家庭生态足迹计算

生态足迹是测度环境可持续发展的新方法。家庭生态足迹H(ousehold EcologicalFootprint,H EF)是利用生态足迹方法研究家庭消费所产生的环境影响。通过计算不同收入水平群体的家庭生态足迹,比较不同收入水平群体H EF差异,可以进一步揭示各收入水平群体间存在的“生态足迹掠夺”和生态足迹占用公平性。在阐述家庭生态足迹内涵意义及计算方法的基础上,以甘肃省2002年城镇不同收入水平群体为例进行实证研究。通过计算得到甘肃省2002年不同收入群体的家庭生态足迹分别为:最高收入群1.412×106ghm₂,高收入群1.131×106ghm₂,较高收入群1.860×106ghm₂,中等收入1.793×106ghm₂,较低收入群1.536×106ghm₂,低收入群0.724×106ghm₂,最低收入群0.578×106ghm₂,全省平均1.265×106ghm₂;分析经济收入与家庭生态足迹的关系表明,每增加1000元人均可支配收入,将增大0.2ghm₂家庭生态足迹;引入生态足迹掠夺及总生态足迹掠夺,并进一步计算生态足迹不公平系数为0.24,表明收入不同引起的足迹消费的不公平不突出。     

平板膜生物反应器中投加沸石对膜污染的影响

在一体式平板膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水的过程中,通过投加不同浓度沸石粉可以实现对膜污染的控制。主要考察在清水和活性污泥混合液中,膜污染阻力随沸石投加量的变化而变化的规律。试验结果表明,一定量沸石的投加使膜污染阻力随时间的增长率有不同程度的下降。试验同时探讨了沸石最佳投加量和沸石的作用机理。     

宁夏盐池县生态保护政策对农户的影响

生态保护政策能否真正起到作用。在很大程度上取决于能否被农户在经济利益上所接受。盐池县的草原退化和沙漠化问题严重，主要是由于人类不合理经济活动造成的。近年来盐池县采取了一系列的生态保护政策，并开始实行草原禁牧的政策，以保护和恢复草原生态环境。农户调查的研究结果表明。目前的生态保护政策并不成功。90％以上的农户仍然在草原上偷牧，禁牧使农户收入减少是导致该政策失败的根本原因。虽然农户的生态意识较为理性，但是目前的生态保护政策与农户经营行为之间至少存在两大矛盾：一是，生态效益长期性与农户追求短期效益的矛盾；二是，生态环境外部性与农户小农意识之间的矛盾。     

鄂中丘陵地区农户生态系统能流分析

本文分析了鄂中丘陵地区一个典型农户生态系统的能流途径,人工辅助能的输入结构,各亚系统的能量输入、输出组成和能量流动关系,以及能量转化效率。以70个农户的样本分析研究了投能结构对能效的影响规律。结果表明,当地农户生态系统仍是一种以有机能为主要人工辅助的封闭性较强的能量转化系统;增加人工辅助能,特别是无机能的投入可以增加能量产出。     

废旧家电回收体系建设的思考

废旧家电作为资源已被充分认识，介绍废旧家电的回收现状和回收处置的重要性，分析回收体系建设的六种渠道，结合我国部分大中城市的回收实践，探讨并提出了回收体系建设的参考途径。     

Contrasts in Livelihoods and Protein Intake between Commercial and Subsistence Bushmeat Hunters in Two Villages on Bioko Island,Equatorial Guinea

Across West and Central Africa, wildlife provides a source of food and income. We investigated the relation between bushmeat hunting and household wealth and protein consumption in 2 rural communities in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. One village was dedicated to commercial hunting, the other trapped game primarily for food. We tested whether commercial‐hunter households were nutritionally advantaged over subsistence‐hunter households due to their higher income from the bushmeat trade and greater access to wild‐animal protein. We conducted bushmeat‐offtake surveys in both villages (captures by hunters and carcasses arriving to each village). Mammals (including threatened primates: black colobus [Colobus satanas], Preussi's guenon [Allochrocebus preussi], and russet‐eared guenon [Cercopithecus erythrotis]), birds, and reptiles were hunted. The blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), giant pouched rat (Cricetomys emini), and brush‐tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) contributed almost all the animal biomass hunted, consumed, or sold in both villages. Monkeys and Ogilbyi's duikers (Cephalophus ogilbyi) were hunted only by commercial hunters. Commercial hunters generated a mean of US$2000/year from bushmeat sales. Households with commercial hunters were on average wealthier, generated more income, spent more money on nonessential goods, and bought more products they did not grow. By contrast, households with subsistence hunters spent less on market items, spent more on essential products, and grew more of their own food. Despite these differences, average consumption of vegetable protein and domestic meat and bushmeat protein did not differ between villages. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the socioeconomic and nutritional context of commercial and subsistence bushmeat hunting to correctly interpret ways of reducing their effects on threatened species and to enable the sustainable offtake of more productive taxa. Contrastes en el Sustento y la Ingesta de Proteínas entre Carne de Caza de Subsistencia y Comercial en Dos Aldeas en Isla Bioko, Guinea Ecuatorial     

Bushmeat Supply and Consumption in a Tropical Logging Concession in Northern Congo

Abstract: Unsustainable hunting of wildlife for food empties tropical forests of many species critical to forest maintenance and livelihoods of forest people. Extractive industries, including logging, can accelerate exploitation of wildlife by opening forests to hunters and creating markets for bushmeat. We monitored human demographics, bushmeat supply in markets, and household bushmeat consumption in five logging towns in the northern Republic of Congo. Over 6 years we recorded 29,570 animals in town markets and collected 48,920 household meal records. Development of industrial logging operations led to a 69% increase in the population of logging towns and a 64% increase in bushmeat supply. The immigration of workers, jobseekers, and their families altered hunting patterns and was associated with increased use of wire snares and increased diversity in the species hunted and consumed. Immigrants hunted 72% of all bushmeat, which suggests the short‐term benefits of hunting accrue disproportionately to “outsiders” to the detriment of indigenous peoples who have prior, legitimate claims to wildlife resources. Our results suggest that the greatest threat of logging to biodiversity may be the permanent urbanization of frontier forests. Although enforcement of hunting laws and promotion of alternative sources of protein may help curb the pressure on wildlife, the best strategy for biodiversity conservation may be to keep saw mills and the towns that develop around them out of forests.     

Measurement of Fruit and Vegetable Losses in Brazil: A Case Study

This research conducted on municipal solid waste management for the first time quantified food spoilage as being 8.8% weight of all officially collected household garbage in the Brazilian city under study. The unexpected size of this waste fraction gave rise to work on the causes of waste and on its distribution over the product life cycle specific to fruit and vegetables. Waste was defined as being the combination of losses and scraps. Administrative shortcomings were identified as basic reasons for waste. At the producer and consumer ends of the cycle, negligence was shown to be the single most important problem. Fruit and vegetables deteriorate during the operations of handling, transport, packaging, storage, selling and consumption. The study detailed the occurrence of waste at all of these stages. In the medium-size Brazilian city, the total waste of fruit and vegetables was shown to amount to 16.6% weight in the marketing stage of the life cycle. At the consumer level, it was measured as 3.4% weight of all household garbage. Specific reasons for this waste were identified at the levels of producer, wholesaler and retailer. Short-term remedies were pointed out that invariably corrected deficient management procedures. It was shown that very simple administrative measures can significantly reduce the spoilage of fruit and vegetables. Long-term strategies involve the creation of sample cases for administration of the fruit and vegetables life cycle at all stages.     

It pays to have an eye for emotions: Emotion recognition ability indirectly predicts annual income

This study integrates the emotion and social influence literatures to examine how emotion recognition ability (ERA) relates to annual income. In a sample of 142 employee–peer–supervisor triads from a broad range of jobs and organizations, we find that people's level of ERA indirectly relates to how much they earn per year. The relationship between ERA and annual income is mediated sequentially through political skill and interpersonal facilitation. The results imply that emotional abilities allow people not only to process affect‐laden information effectively but also to use this information to successfully navigate the social world of organizations in the pursuit of prosperity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京地区某生活垃圾处理工程周边公众参与和社会监督情况调查研究

通过实地走访、资料查阅、问卷调查的方式,以北京城区东部某垃圾处理工程为研究案例,对中国生活垃圾处理在立项和运行阶段的公众参与和社会监督情况做全面的调查分析.调查结果显示,中国在生活垃圾处理的公众参与和监督方面总体上仍处于起步的初期阶段,公众对垃圾在处理处置方面的意愿体现程度仍有提高空间.同时,垃圾处理处置的信息披露需要进一步完善,在公开渠道和受众面上要更加广泛和及时.