室内空气和灰尘中全(多)氟烷基化合物的研究进展

全(多)氟烷基化合物(per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)在环境各个介质及人体样品中广泛被检出,近年,在室内空气和灰尘中也普遍发现PFASs.研究表明,室内空气中PFASs的含量普遍高于室外空气,室内空气和灰尘中的PFASs可能是室外空气的污染来源及人体暴露源,因此室内环境中PFASs成为环境领域的又一个研究热点.但目前为止,我国还没有开展室内空气中PFASs的相关研究,室内灰尘中PFASs的研究也相对较少.本文就室内空气和灰尘中PFASs的采样与分析方法、污染现状、来源分析及人体暴露等4个方面进行了综合阐述,以期为我国室内环境中PFASs的研究提供参考.     

Epidemiologic Analysis of Factors Associated with Local Disappearances of Native Ranid Frogs in Arizona

Abstract:  We examined factors that may independently or synergistically contribute to amphibian population declines. We used epidemiologic case–control methodology to sample and analyze a large database developed and maintained by the Arizona Game and Fish Department that describes historical and currently known ranid frog localities in Arizona, U.S.A. Sites with historical documentation of target ranid species ( n = 324) were evaluated to identify locations where frogs had disappeared during the study period (case sites) and locations where frog populations persisted (control sites). Between 1986 and 2003, 117 (36%) of the 324 sites became case sites, of which 105 were used in the analyses. An equal number of control sites were sampled to control for the effects of time. Risk factors, or predictor variables, were defined from environmental data summarized during site surveys and geographic information system data layers. We evaluated risk factors with univariate and multifactorial logistic-regression analyses to derive odds ratios (OR). Odds for local population disappearance were significantly related to 4 factors in the multifactorial model. Disappearance of frog populations increased with increasing elevation (OR = 2.7 for every 500 m, p < 0.01). Sites where disappearances occurred were 4.3 times more likely to have other nearby sites that also experienced disappearances (OR = 4.3, p < 0.01), whereas the odds of disappearance were 6.7 times less (OR = 0.15, p < 0.01) when there was a source population nearby. Sites with disappearances were 2.6 times more likely to have introduced crayfish than were control sites (OR = 2.6, p = 0.04). The identification of factors associated with frog disappearances increases understanding of declines occurring in natural populations and aids in conservation efforts to reestablish and protect native ranids by identifying and prioritizing implicated threats.     

The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems

The sustainable use and management of important tropical coastal ecosystems (mangrove forests, seagrass beds and coral reefs) cannot be done without understanding the direct and indirect impacts of man. The ecosystem's resilience and recovery capacity following such impacts must be determined. The efficacy of mitigation measures must also be considered. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are excellent tools to use in such studies. This paper reviews the state of the art and application of these tools in tropical coastal zones, and illustrates their relevance in sustainable development. It highlights a selected number of remote sensing case-studies on land cover patterns, population structure and dynamics, and stand characteristics from South-East Asia, Africa and South-America, with a particular emphasis on mangroves. It further shows how remote sensing technology and other scientific tools can be integrated in long-term studies, both retrospective and predictive, in order to anticipate degradation and to take mitigating measures at an early stage. The paper also highlights the guidelines for sustainable management that can result from remote sensing and GIS studies, and identifies existent gaps and research priorities.There is a need for more comprehensive approaches that deal with new remote sensing technologies and analysis in a GIS-environment, and that integrate findings collected over longer periods with the aim of prediction. It is also imperative to collect and integrate data from different disciplines. These are essential in the spirit of sustainable development and management, particularly in developing countries, which are often more vulnerable to environmental degradation.     

岷江上游半干旱河谷土壤成土特征研究：以大沟流域为例

岷江上游半干旱河谷位于新构造运动活动带，其土壤形成和发育过程有着鲜明的区域特征。本文结合该区域的自然地理特点，综合分析各成土因素和土壤性状，对该区域土壤的成土特征进行了深入的分析和研究。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌群落结构与功能时间动态特征

为揭示毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌群落结构和功能时间动态特征,以毛乌素沙地不同林龄（23、33和44 a）樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,比较分析不同月份（4~9月）樟子松人工林根内真菌群落组成及其对环境因子的响应. 结果表明：①樟子松根内真菌群落分布存在明显的季节性,月份对樟子松根内真菌多样性指数影响显著（P<0.05）,在5月和7月较高;樟子松根内真菌多样性指数随林龄的增大而逐渐减小,林龄对其的影响不显著. ②毛乌素沙地樟子松根内真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）;不同营养型真菌相对丰度随月份变化,优势类群为腐生-共生营养型真菌、未定义腐生菌和外生菌根真菌;5月、7月和9月的指示外生菌根真菌分别为囊蘑属（Melanoleuca）、缘腺革菌属（Amphinema）和口蘑属（Tricholoma）. ③毛乌素沙地樟子松根内真菌群落分布受年均相对湿度、年均降水量、土壤孔隙度、土壤铵态氮、年均日照时数、年均温和土壤含水量的显著影响（P<0.05）,指示菌种主要受土壤有机碳含量、孔隙度、年均降水量和年均空气湿度的影响. 气候和土壤性质等环境因子的变化塑造了毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌群落结构和功能的时间动态特征,而林龄的贡献较小. 研究结果可为樟子松人工林可持续经营管理提供理论依据.     

短程硝化—厌氧氨氧化组合工艺在脱氮领域的研究进展

基于全程硝化反硝化的传统生物脱氮工艺在硝化过程中需要大量氧气供应,反硝化过程需要有机物作为碳源,存在能耗与药耗过大的问题.为了降低废水脱氮的成本,短程硝化(PN)—厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)组合工艺(PNA工艺)得到了高速发展.综述了PNA工艺的影响因素,重点介绍了4种基于PN与ANAMMOX原理开发的衍生PNA工艺...     

基于维纳过程的MEMS陀螺仪贮存寿命评估

目的 针对MEMS陀螺仪在步进应力加速试验条件下获取的性能退化数据,提出基于维纳过程的贮存寿命评估方法及其模型准确度检验方法。方法 首先,确定温度为影响MEMS陀螺仪性能退化的主要环境因素,采用步进温度应力加速试验的方式获取其性能退化数据。其次,分析各项性能参数的演变规律,确定标度因数为表征产品性能退化的特征性能参数。最后,采用漂移维纳过程对标度因数退化轨迹进行建模,并外推得到常温条件下的贮存寿命。结果 采用留一法对模型精度进行验证,模型准确度最低为86.44%。可靠度水平为0.95时,常温贮存(25 ℃)条件下的寿命评估结果为50.02 a。结论 基于维纳过程建立的性能退化模型的准确度在85%以上,该模型可应用于指定贮存条件下MEMS陀螺仪的性能退化预测及贮存寿命评估。     

典型行业再利用土壤重金属含量分布、来源解析及生态风险评价

为深入探究典型行业再利用土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险状况,基于上海市嘉定区49个地块315个不同深度剖面土壤样品数据,采用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数评估Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg和As这7种重金属含量特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用源解析受体模型（APCS-MLR）和正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析其污染来源.结果表明：①研究区土壤中除As外,其余重金属均不同程度超过上海市土壤背景值,表层土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni和Hg含量分别是背景值的3.54、2.34、2.91、1.20、3.75和4.40倍;7种重金属含量随着土壤垂直剖面深度的增加逐渐降低,重金属在表层土壤中存在一定程度的富集,人类活动影响了重金属在土壤中的分布规律.②研究区内APCS-MLR和PMF两种受体模型均识别出土壤重金属4种主要来源,源1（Cu、Zn和Pb）为金属制品和汽车制造混合源,源2（Ni和Cd）为电镀企业来源,源3（Hg）主要为化工企业来源,源4（As）为自然源,两种受体模型结合运用,进一步提高源解析的精准度和可信度.③地累积指数由大到小表现为：Hg（1.54）>Ni（1.32）>Cd（1.21）>Cu（0.96）>Pb（0.64）>Zn（-0.33）>As（-1.02）;潜在生态风险指数结果显示,研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI值在32.50~4 910.97,均值为321.40,整体呈现较强潜在生态风险,再开发利用工业场地土壤中重金属Hg、Ni和Cd的污染值得进一步关注.     

岷江上游大沟流域驱动植被退化的人为干扰体研究

研究了岷江上游大沟流域内的人为干扰体,分析了干扰的类型、强度、频率及其时空变化特征,揭示了不同干扰类型及其特性对植被退化的作用、干扰体与人口增长、植被退化等的关系．结果表明：大沟流域人为干扰类型多达８种,但优势的干扰类型是砍伐薪材和牲畜放牧．从近３０ａ的干扰强度变化看,以８０年代初的干扰强度最大,并在近２０ａ内保持很高的干扰强度水平;干扰强度的年内变化表现为春末、夏、秋大而冬、早春小．近４０ａ来的干扰频率愈趋增高,年内表现为春秋季干扰频率最高,夏季中等,而冬季最小．人为干扰的空间差异十分明显,反映出人为干扰的现状及其对植被的破坏强度差异,即由村寨向沟尾和高海拔区、由近及远、由低到高,形成“钟形”干扰格局．认为大沟流域植被的严重退化是所有人为干扰长期共同驱动的结果,与该区人口及其需求迅速增长密切相关．结果还表明,不同性质的干扰对植被的影响作用具协同性,同一干扰体长期连续对植被的影响具累加和放大的作用     

二噁英的毒性及其对人体健康影响的研究进展

二噁英(dioxin),是一类毒性很强的三环芳香族有机化合物。近年来随着二噁英污染事件的频频发生,人们对二噁英的危害也日益关注。文章从二噁英的结构、理化性质、检测方法、毒性机理以及它对人体健康的影响等方面,对近年来已取得的成果进行了综述,并对今后有效的控制管理措施提出了相应的建议。