旅游业发展规划的环境影响因素识别探讨

2003年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》,从法律上确立了中国在规划层次上需要环境影响评价.目前旅游规划环境影响评价工作处于初期阶段,其理论与技术性问题需要进一步完善.以哈尔滨市旅游业"十二五"时期发展的总体规划为例,针对旅游业发展规划的环境影响因素识别进行探讨,采用矩阵法识别旅游业发展规划项目与人们活动对哈尔滨市自然资源、景观资源、生态环境、环境敏感区及社会经济文化的可能产生影响环境因素识别探讨,给类似规划的环境影响因素识别工作提供帮助.     

环境经济损益分析工作程序探讨

对环境影响评价工作中的环境经济损益分析，提出了应有环境影响和影响因子的确定，影响量化，经济损益计算，经济损益评价这样一个工作程序，并进行了实例计算。     

稻田CO2、CH4和N2O排放及其影响因素

采用静态箱(暗箱)-气相色谱法对稻田CO2、CH4和N2O排放进行田间原位测量.植株参与的稻田CO2排放季节变化与温度的季节变化一致,气温(土温)是主要驱动因子;而土壤水分状况是稻田CH4、N2O排放和无植株参与的稻田CO2排放季节变化的主要驱动因子.稻田非淹水期N2O和CO2排放与土温、气温呈极显著指数正相关(p＜0.001),两气体之间亦呈极显著线性正相关关系(p＜0.001).水稻植株自养呼吸和土壤呼吸的温度系数(Q10)分别为2.17和1.68.稻田CO2排放与水层深度呈弱的负相关关系(p＜0.05).无植株参与的稻田CO2、CH4和N2O季节平均排放速率分别为198.35±34.00mg/(m2·h),0.63±0.29mg/(m2·h)和169.57±75.30μg/(m2·h),而在植株参与下3者季节平均排放速率分别为1133.51±51.16 mg/(m2·h),1.39±0.20mg/(m2·h)和231.48±35.09μg/(m2·h).碳收支模拟计算结果表明,稻田生态系统表现为对大气中碳的净吸收.     

建筑施工堆砌废弃物对周边土壤环境的影响分析研究

为了降低建筑施工废弃物对土壤环境的污染,分析了建筑施工堆砌废弃物对周边土壤环境的影响.介绍了建筑施工废弃物的定义、分类和产生原因.分析了建筑施工堆砌废弃物对周边土壤环境的影响:建筑施工堆砌废弃物降低周边土壤水质;建筑施工堆砌废弃物降低周边土壤质量;建筑施工堆砌废弃物降低土壤环境自净能力.在此基础上,针对建筑施工堆砌废弃物提出以下政策建议:提高建筑施工废弃物回收利用率;适当提高置物费;合理规划建筑废弃物填埋场;建筑施工废弃物减量化处理.     

应急预案以人为本

从国家总体应急预案的框架入手，分析了其方方面面的编制要素，得出了其以人为本的编制理念的结论。     

Assessment of impacts of invasive fishes on the food web structure and ecosystem properties of a tropical reservoir in India

A network model of trophic interactions in a tropical reservoir in India was developed with the objective to quantify matter and energy flows between system components and to study the impact of invasive fishes on the ecosystem. Structure of flows and their distribution within and between trophic levels were analysed by aggregating single flows into combined flows for discrete trophic levels. The trophic flows primarily occurred in the first four trophic level (TL) and the food web structure in this reservoir ecosystem was characterized by the dominance of low TL organisms, with the highest TL of only 3.57 for the top predator. Highest system omnivory index (SOI) was observed for indigenous catfishes (0.422), followed by the exotic fish Mozambique Tilapia (0.402). Nile Tilapia and Pearl spots show the highest niche overlap which suggests high competition for similar resources. The mixed trophic impact routine reveals that an increase in the abundance of the African catfish would negatively impact almost all fish groups such as Indian major carps, Pearl spots, indigenous catfishes and Tilapines. The other invasive fish Mozambique Tilapia adversely affects the indigenous catfishes. The most interesting observation in this study is that the most dominant invasive fish in this reservoir, the Nile Tilapia does not negatively impact any of the fish groups. In fact it positively impacts the Indian major carps. The direct and indirect effects of predation between system components (i.e. fish, invertebrates, phytoplankton and detritus) are quantitatively described and the possible influence and role in the ecosystem's functioning of the invasive fish species are discussed.     

Which forcing factors fit? Using ecosystem models to investigate the relative influence of fishing and changes in primary productivity on the dynamics of marine ecosystems

Fishing mortality and primary production (or proxy for) were used to drive the dynamics of fish assemblages in 9 trophodynamic models of contrasting marine ecosystems. Historical trends in abundance were reconstructed by fitting model predictions to observations from stock assessments and fisheries independent survey data. The model fitting exercise derives values for otherwise unknown parameters that specify the relative strength of trophic interactions and, in some instances, a time series anomaly for changes in primary production. We measured how much better or worse were model predictions when bottom-up forcing by primary production were added to top-down forcing by fishing. Searching for cross system patterns, the relative contribution of fishing and changes in primary production, mediated through trophic interactions, are evaluated for the ecosystems as a whole and for selected similar species in different ecosystems. The analysis provides a simple qualitative way to explain which forcing factors have most influence on modeled dynamics. Both fishing and primary production forcing were required to obtain the best model fits to data. Fishing effects more strongly influenced 6 of 9 of the ecosystems, but primary production was more often found to be the main factor influencing the selected pelagic and demersal fish stock trends. Examination of sensitivity to ecological and model parameters suggests that the results are the product of complex food-web interactions rather than simple deterministic responses of the models.     

灾后复杂地形区域的测量测绘模型设计

灾后地形变化复杂,基于单一线性模型的测量测绘方法,测量灾区坡度陡、高差大等复杂地形时,无法有效拟合复杂地形趋势、获取高程点精度差,导致测量精确度较低。设计一种用于灾后复杂地形区域的测量测绘模型,在外部DEM辅助下精化灾区地形DEM,对灾区遥感InSAR影像进行干涉定标,实现干涉影像与外部DEM的精准对应;将多模型的线性回归策略与灾后复杂地形趋势相拟合,对解缠干涉影像图中全部影像快,通过多模型的线性回归,逐个像素精确的去除相位解缠中多余相位,过滤无价值高程点,得到有效灾区地形高程图,从中采集精确地灾后复杂地形区域高程点。实验结果表明,该模型可提高灾后复杂地形区域绘图精确度,对总体灾区地形InSAR影像测量效率高,测量的平均高程误差为±6.2cm,比单一线性模型低±3.77cm。     

考虑材料应变率效应的冲击响应模型相似律研究

目的 研究考虑材料应变率效应的冲击响应模型相似律,获得一个能够综合材料弹塑性和应变率效应的精确相似解,支撑工程领域的模型试验。方法 根据BuckinghamΠ定理,综合考虑材料的弹性、应变硬化和应变率效应,进一步推导了工程结构在冲击响应的模型相似律表达式。在此基础上,提出改变结构质量和冲击器速度来满足模型相似律的方法。结果 相比最近冲击模型相似律的研究中存在近似相似、迭代求解的缺陷,该方法是一个显式、完全精确的相似解,并且能够同时考虑材料的弹性、应变硬化和应变率效应。采用圆板撞击的有限元数值模型进行了验证。结论 推导出的模型相似律能够准确地预测原型的动态冲击的响应。相比而言,使用以往的相似方法具有明显的误差。     

回顾性环境影响评价及实施程序研究

本文对已在全国和我市卓有成效地开展并已法规化的建设项目环境影响评价制度,提出建设项目竣工投产后的回顾性环境影响评价的建议;对此工作的重要性、实施的可能性和实施程序作了初步研究,以求深化和完善环境影响评价体系,从而促进我国的环境保护事业。