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941.
一种系统化的行为形成因子分类方法 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为了准确表述能够诱发人为差错的情景环境,对人因可靠性分析(HRA)中的行为形成因子(PSF)进行归纳整理,构建一种新的系统化的PSF分类方法.对现有人因可靠性文献中的PSF进行分析,明确PSF的定义及其内涵.通过分析人机交互过程,指出PSF应该包含:操作者,机器,任务,组织,环境和辅助系统等6个方面,分别从上述6个方面对PSF进行细致分解,最终构建包括6个方面38个元素的PSF分类方法. 相似文献
942.
评析国内外以第一代人因可靠性分析(静态)、第二代人因可靠性分析(动态)为主体形成的人误防范理论和方法;针对目前不能量化人的生理、认知、心理等相关非结构性和非确定性参数和数据的\"瓶颈\",建立基于人-机-环系统业务流程的人误系统复合状态(Multiplex State of Human Errors System,MSHES)结构模型;探求运用粗糙集数据挖掘,对资深专业人员的经验规则信息、人因事故或事件分析的信息,挖掘人因层次结构中的根因与人误层次结构中的差错之间的关联关系,构建基于规则的人误防范专家系统结构模型;探究人的风险性评估和人误防范理论. 相似文献
943.
影响我国民航飞行安全的个体与组织因素——基于HFACS框架的事件分析 总被引：12，自引：9，他引：3
主要通过民航事故征候(事件)的分析,对影响飞行安全的人的因素进行研究.数据分析主要采用编码分析的方法,结果发现:在个体层面,对事故征候影响顺序是技能差错、决策差错与知觉差错;机组内部的沟通与协调不畅在各个飞行阶段都存在;在组织层面,监督、资源管理、文化与氛围是比较有影响的组织因素;组织内部与外部的信息界面是飞行安全的隐患之一.与此同时,分析了该项目研究的不足之处,提出改善民航飞行安全的建并指出今后研究的方向. 相似文献
944.
基于人的认知可靠性(HCR)模型的人因操作失误研究 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
以人的认知可靠性(HCR)模型为指导,选择包含技能型、规则型和知识型3种认知类型,结合大连化工集团公司影响运行安全的17个异常事件,对54名操纵员的时间响应状况和允许操作时间进行录像、记录与分析;依据IAEA提供的指标[1],找出操纵员在生产过程中可能出现的操作失误类别及其可能造成的危害;基于3参数威布尔模型推导出操纵员操作响应失误概率模型,并从人机工程学角度提出了具体预防事故的安全对策措施.结果表明,基于HCR模型的大化集团公司操纵员的人因操作失误模型实用、有效,为实现操作者与机器系统相协调的目标、正确评估操作着实时操作的响应时间提供了重要参考依据. 相似文献
945.
《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2012,55(9):1422-1440
Public participation in environmental impact assessment is recognised as key to sustainable development. However, its role in public projects in China remains limited. The issue of non-participation is explored by focusing on the attitude and capacity of the citizens who experienced the Wuhan-Guangzhou High Speed Railway project through interviews and field surveys in multiple geographical sites along the line. Passive attitudes and low capacity were observed. While some respondents considered participation in government-owned projects unthinkable, most of them were discouraged by the absence of a sense of security and significance. Institutional barriers identified include a lack of participation channels and project information and the absence of transparent and proper processes of handling social impacts. Policy suggestions beyond the regulatory realm to encourage effective public participation are provided. 相似文献
946.
To estimate the correlation coefficient between two measurements of viral load obtained from HIV‐infected individuals, a Bernoulli/bivariate normal mixture model has been applied to provide a better fit for the high proportions of left censoring due to assay measurements falling below limits of detection (LD). In this paper, we investigate the relationship among several alternative likelihood‐based methods; particularly we derive an explicit relationship between the maximum likelihood estimates based on the Bernoulli/bivariate normal mixture model for all data pairs and a left‐truncated bivariate normal model for data pairs with one or two detectable values. With a case study and a set of Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrated the potential impact of using an incorrect likelihood on the estimation of correlation coefficient from two random variables with known LD. Furthermore, we investigated the performance of nonparametric methods using Kendall's tau and Spearman's rank correlation with tie correction for left censoring, which have been used in practice. When data are simulated from a left‐censored bivariate normal or a left‐censored Bernoulli/bivariate normal mixture distribution, both Kendall's tau and Spearman's rank correlation tend to give biased estimates. The biases increase as the probability in the lower component and the proportions of left censoring increases. Further research on nonparametric methods is needed to deal with left censoring, especially in the presence of mixture distributions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
947.
Rafał Michalski 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2018,24(3):395-405
Various designs of typical digital control panels were analyzed experimentally from both the effectiveness and efficiency points of view. Subjects performed information comparison tasks aimed at keeping vehicle velocity at the same level. The experiment involved two versions of speedometers for displaying current and target velocities (clock-face and digital). The stimuli were also differentiated by the target velocity value (20, 50 and 80?km/h) and the correct response type (increase or decrease). Subjects’ performance results along with the eye-tracking data were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for all 24 experimental conditions. 相似文献
948.
Objective: Soldiers in military vehicles subjected to underbelly blasts can sustain traumatic head and neck injuries due to a head impact with the roof. The severity of head and neck trauma can be influenced by the amount of head clearance available to the occupant as well as factors such as wearing a military helmet or the presence of padding on the interior roof. The aim of the current study was to examine the interaction between a Hybrid III headform, the helmet system, and the interior roof of the vehicle under vertical loading.
Methods: Using a head impact machine and a Hybrid III headform, tests were conducted on a rigid steel plate in a number of different configurations and velocities to assess helmet shell and padding performance, to evaluate different vehicle roof padding materials, and to determine the relative injury mitigating contributions of both the helmet and the roof padding. The resultant translational head acceleration was measured and the head injury criterion (HIC) was calculated for each impact.
Results: For impacts with a helmeted headform hitting the steel plate only, which represented a common scenario in an underbelly blast event, velocities of ≤6 m/s resulted in HIC values below the FMVSS 201U threshold of 1,000, and a velocity of 7 m/s resulted in HIC values well over the threshold. Roof padding was found to reduce the peak translational head acceleration and the HIC, with rigid IMPAXX foams performing better than semirigid ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. However, the head injury potential was reduced considerably more by wearing a helmet than by the addition of roof padding.
Conclusions: The results of this study provide initial quantitative findings that provide a better understanding of helmet–roof interactions in vertical impacts and the contributions of the military helmet and roof padding to mitigating head injury potential. Findings from this study will be used to inform further testing with the future aim of developing a new minimum head clearance standard for occupants of light armored vehicles. 相似文献
949.
Research has shown a complex relationship between turnover and firm performance. Not only does it matter who leaves (e.g., high‐performing versus low‐performing employees), but the context also stands to influence this effect in complex ways. We apply human capital theory, social capital theory, and the cost–benefit perspective to propose two boundary conditions to the high‐performer turnover and firm performance relationship. Specifically, we predict that the negative impact of high‐performer turnover on firm performance will be the strongest for reputable firms and for firms who invest less in human capital (e.g., selection, training, and incentive‐based pay). We present data from 155 South Korean firms that support the hypothesized model. We discuss findings in terms of current and future theory, practical implications, and subsequent research needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
950.
Detlef Mewes Rolf-Peter Trapp 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(4):507-520
Guards on machine tools are meant to protect operators from injuries caused by tools, workpieces, and fragments hurled out of the machine’s working zone. This article presents the impact resistance requirements, which guards according to European safety standards for machine tools must satisfy. Based upon these standards the impact resistance of different guard materials was determined using cylindrical steel projectiles. Polycarbonate proves to be a suitable material for vision panels because of its high energy absorption capacity. The impact resistance of 8-mm thick polycarbonate is roughly equal to that of a 3-mm thick steel sheet Fe P01. The limited ageing stability, however, makes it necessary to protect poycarbonate against cooling lubricants by means of additional panes on both sides. 相似文献