Phosphorus removal by a fixed-bed hybrid polymer nanocomposite biofilm reactor

Eutrophication is one of the main challenges regarding the ecological quality of surface waters, phosphorus bioavailability being its main driver. In this context, a novel hybrid polymer nanocomposite (HPN-Pr) biofilm reactor aimed at integrated chemical phosphorus adsorption and biological removal was conceived. The assays pointed to removal of 1.2 mg P/g of reactive phosphorus and 1.01 mg P/g of total phosphorus under steady-state conditions. A mathematical adsorption–biological model was applied to predict reactor performance, which indicated that biological activity has a positive effect on reactor performance, increasing the amount of reactive phosphorus removed.     

干湿交替灌溉制度下纳米修复材料对杂交籼稻籽粒Cd累积及产量的影响

干湿交替灌溉具有节水高产特性,但在重金属Cd污染稻田,干湿交替灌溉常导致稻米Cd含量>0.20 mg·kg^-1,通过添加钝化剂可能对水分高效利用及优质稻米生产具有显著的调控效应.为此,本研究以吸收能力较强的籼型亚种为试材,在前期筛选出的高积累品种（深两优1813）和低积累品种（两优6206）基础上,于Cd轻度污染稻田设置灌溉制度和钝化剂双因素多水平处理开展大田小区试验.结果表明,干湿交替灌溉下,成熟期土壤有效态Cd含量较移栽前降低17.13%~61.01%,而传统淹灌水稻的降低幅度为-43.45%~21.07%,干湿交替灌溉较传统淹灌表现出显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量（P<0.05）.水稻植株地上部各器官Cd含量则表现为干湿交替灌溉处理明显高于传统淹水灌溉处理.不同钝化剂处理相比较,多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰处理对于降低土壤有效态Cd含量和籽粒Cd含量效果最好,显著优于多孔纳米陶瓷、石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭、石灰及不施任何钝化剂处理（P<0.05）.深两优1813和两优6206在多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰组合修复模式下的籽粒Cd含量分别为0.23~0.24 mg·kg^-1和0.16~0.21 mg·kg^-1.产量在灌溉制度、品种、钝化剂处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）.干湿交替灌溉的籽粒Cd含量在多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰组合模式下存在超标风险（深两优1813品种为0.24 mg·kg^-1;两优6206品种为0.21 mg·kg^-1）,但通过选用低积累品种,籽粒Cd含量具有可预见性的达标（<0.20 mg·kg^-1）潜力.因此,干湿交替灌溉+多孔纳米陶瓷和石灰组合修复模式+低积累品种可视为Cd轻度污染稻田节水高产优质稻米的调优生产模式.     

两种能源草田间条件下对镉和锌的吸收累积

大生物量能源草对镉污染土壤的修复潜力如何还未知.本研究采用两种能源草杂交狼尾草（Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum）和紫色象草（P.purpureum ‘Purple’）以及马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）和镉的超累积植物遏蓝菜（Noccaea caerulescens）为对照,在镉污染农田上开展田间试验.结果表明,杂交狼尾草的地上部生物量最大,分别是遏蓝菜和马蔺的126和36倍,与紫色象草地上部生物量无显著差异.遏蓝菜地上部和根部中镉和锌的含量显著高于其他植物.马蔺地上部和根部的锌含量最小,而镉含量显著大于紫色象草和杂交狼尾草（P<0.05）.虽然地上部和根部的镉含量显著小于马蔺和超累积植物遏蓝菜,紫色象草地上部中镉和锌的累积量最大,镉累积量分别是马蔺和遏蓝菜的7.0和4.1倍,锌累积量分别是马蔺和遏蓝菜的41和11倍（P<0.05）.杂交狼尾草地上部镉和锌的累积量略低于紫色象草.遏蓝菜的地上部中镉和锌的富集系数均大于1,其体内镉和锌的转移系数均大于1,可用于提取修复镉锌复合污染土壤;马蔺根部镉富集系数大于1,其体内镉的转移系数小于1,可用于稳定修复镉污染土壤;紫色象草根部锌富集系数大于1,其体内锌的转移系数小于1,可用于稳定修复锌污染土壤.田间条件下,由于大的生物量,紫色象草和杂交狼尾草表现出较强的土壤镉和锌的提取去除潜力,且可产生经济效益,应用前景较好.     

基于自适应调整蚁群-RBF神经网络模型的中长期径流预测

径流预测历来是水利部门的一项重要工作,针对水库和河流中长期径流预测精度不高,提出了自适应调节人工蚁群算法(ARACS),对RBF神经网络参数进行优化,建立了自适应调节人工蚁群-RBF神经网络组合算法(ARACS-RBF)预测模型,综合考虑影响径流预变化因素,对安康水库进行中长期径流预测。对预测效果进行检验,结果证实该模型可真实地反映河川径流变化的总体趋势, 并为判断时间序列数据的非线性提供了一种新方法。与RBF神经网络模型、人工蚁群-RBF神经网络模型预测结果进行对比,结果表明,应用ARACS-RBF模型对中长期径流量进行预测,预测精度更高、效果更好。该方法克服了RBF神经网络和人工蚁群算法易陷于局部极值、搜索质量差和精度不高的缺点,改善了RBF神经网络的泛化能力,收敛速度快,输出稳定性好,提高了径流预测的精度,置信度为98%时的预测相对误差小于6.5%。可有效用于水库和河川中长期径流预测。     

Investigation of the effects of battery types and power management algorithms on drive cycle simulation for a range-extended electric vehicle powertrain

Fuel cell (FC) hybrid vehicle power trains are an attractive technology especially for automotive applications because of their higher efficiency and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. This study focuses on the design of an FC hybrid power train system and evaluation of its simulations for a given speed profile through two alternative power management algorithms (PMAs). Parameters suitable for a small vehicle were taken into consideration in the mathematical model of the vehicle. The proposed hybrid power train consists of an energy storage system, composed of a 4-kg battery pack (either lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, nickel metal hydride, or nickel–cadmium) and a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) as the range extender. The PMAs basically aim to fulfill the power requirements of the vehicle and decide how to command the power split between the battery and the FC. The model comprising a DMFC, a battery, and PMAs was developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The polarization curve of the FC was obtained using a one-dimensional DMFC model. Vehicle power requirements for a drive cycle were calculated using the equations of longitudinal dynamics of vehicle, and the results were integrated into MATLAB/Simulink model. As a result of the simulations, methanol consumption, state of charge of the battery, and power output of the FC were compared for the PMAs. This comparison shows the effect of PMAs on the hybrid vehicle performance for three battery types. The results indicate that the vehicle range could be increased when proper strategy is used as PMA.     

Bioavailability of cyanide in the different environmental compartments

Introduction C yanide, a strong ligand capable of com plexing w ith virtually any heavy m etals, had its beginning in m etallurgical operations in N ew Zealand over a century ago. The basic m echanism for cyanide leaching technique w as defined as the fol…     

植物化学杀雄研究进展

介绍了化学杀雄剂诱导植物雄性不育的变化,回顾了化学杀雄杂种优势利用研究的进展,阐述了化学杀雄杂种优势利用的特点,以及化学杀雄剂的设计思路和常用的化学杀雄剂。     

双季超级稻的生长与光合特性研究

分别以金优402和黄华占为对照,研究了超级稻早稻株两优819和晚稻丰源优299的生长及光合特性。株两优819分蘖数低于对照,但成穗率较高,最终形成较高的有效穗数,叶面积指数和生物量累积速率在前期高于对照,但在后期低于对照。整个生育期的单叶净光合速率与对照无显著差异,灌浆期叶绿素荧光参数与对照无显著差异。丰源优299分蘖数和有效分蘖低于对照,但一直保持叶面积指数的较大优势,生长中后期的光合速率显著高于对照,所以生物量较高。在灌浆期,在最小荧光Fo、最大荧光Fm和最大量子效率Fv/Fm方面,丰源优299与对照均无显著差异,而在光下即时荧光Ft、光下最大荧光Fm′、实际量子效率Fv′/Fm′、表观光合电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP和非光化学猝灭系数NPQ等方面丰源优299高于对照。株两优819和丰源优299均表现出高产特性,分别比对照产量高出1629%和544%,但其高产机理有所不同。前期较高的生物量积累和后期较高的光合产物运转效率是早稻株两优819高产的主要原因,而中后期较高的光合能力以及高收获指数是晚稻丰源优299高产的主要原因     

一种采用可控复合技术的新型升温炉

在普通电加热炉的基础上,通过配备液化燃烧器加热装置,开发了一种可同时实施自动控制电加热和燃气加热复合升温的新型装配式试验炉。试验测试表明,该新型复合式升温方法能够很好地模拟ISO-834标准升(降)温曲线,同时具有电炉安全可靠、测控精度高、操作简便、无污染,以及液化气火焰升温快、容易控制并可真实模拟火灾的优点,因而具有良好的试验效果和经济效果,是一种实用的结构抗火试验设施。     

两级混合稳定表流湿地处理生活污水

为了提高一级稳定表流湿地(stable surface flow wetland,SSFW)的出水水质,在单级稳定表流湿地后串联一级潜流人工湿地,构成两级混合稳定表流湿地(two steps hybrid stable surface flow wetland,TSHSSFW),研究气候变化对其净化效果的影响,并同一级潜流人工湿地(one step subsurface flow wetland,OSSFW)进行对比。研究表明,气候变化对TSHSSFW的COD和总磷去除率影响较小,去除率均在80%左右;而对氨氮和总氮的去除率影响比较大,夏季TSHSSFW的氨氮和总氮去除率分别为87.77%和77.74%,而冬季氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为54.07%和48.84%。相比单级潜流人工湿地(OSSFW),有SSFW作为前处理的潜流人工湿地对氨氮和总氮的去除率较高。