典型耦合优化算法在源项反演中的对比研究

突发大气污染事故中,污染源的快速、准确确定是应急处置的基础.为研究有效的源项评估方法,本文基于美国草原外场SO₂释放实验,利用GA-PSO、GA-NM、PSO-NM 3种耦合算法,分别与高斯点源烟羽扩散模型结合,对源强和位置等污染源参数进行反演与对比,并从算法结构与大气扩散条件方面进行反演效果差异分析.结果表明,从源强反演角度看,PSO-NM反演结果的准确性最高、稳定性最强,平均误差（11.3%）与平均标准偏差（0.7g/s）明显低于GA-NM（16.4%、13.3g/s）与GA-PSO（29.0%、26.6g/s）.从位置反演角度看,PSO-NM的反演结果最为稳定,反演的平均标准偏差（0.29m）明显低于GA-NM（3.20m）与GA-PSO（3.03m）算法;在不稳定和中性扩散条件下,PSO-NM算法的位置反演准确性最高,误差为4.97m;但在稳定扩散条件下,GA-NM的位置反演误差（7.69m）最小.从反演效率角度看,PSO-NM与GA-NM反演时间最短,更适用于污染源的快速确定.     

北京地区大气氨时空变化特征

在北京城区和上甸子本底地区分别开展了为期3a和1a的NH₃在线观测,并结合风向、风速、温度、相对湿度等气象因素的变化特征,分析了北京地区NH₃浓度水平、年季特征及影响因素.结果发现,北京城区和本底地区的NH₃年均浓度分别为（32.5±20.8）×10^-9V/V和（11.6±10.3）×10^-9V/V,北京城区的NH₃浓度高于大多数国内外主要城市和地区的NH₃浓度水平.城区和本底地区NH₃浓度年变化特征为夏季高,分别为（34.1±6.8）×10^-9V/V和（11.1±2.2）×10^-9V/V,冬季低,分别为（19.7±9.3）×10^-9V/V和（2.4±0.6）×10^-9V/V.NH₃的日变化特征受气象因素影响明显,其结果表明,春季城区NH₃浓度峰值出现在15：00,而本底地区受西南风影响在20：00达到峰值;夏季城区NH₃浓度最高值在7：00出现,本底地区则呈现双峰值（分别在09：00和22：00）;秋季城区和本底地区的日变化规律一致,均在22：00出现峰值;冬季城区的峰值出现时间晚于本底地区,峰值分别出现在23：00和20：00.西南风是造成本底地区NH₃浓度升高的主要原因,春季和夏季,随着西南向风速的增大,NH₃浓度显著升高.城区的NH₃浓度则主要受到局地排放的影响.浓度权重轨迹法的研究结果发现,北京、天津、河北及河南北部地区是影响北京地区大气NH₃的主要源区.     

People,environment and place: the function and significance of human hybrid relationships at an allotment in South East England

Allotments are a valued part of the British cultural landscape, with benefits often associated with exercise and fresh food. However, there are other significant but less tangible values that are often implicit in green-space research, but which require further substantiation. This article sheds light on the role of allotments as places where people engage in meaningful relationships with the natural world. Drawing on in-depth qualitative data, we develop a co-constructionist understanding of the human–nature relationships which exist between plot-holders and the non-human agents they encounter. These non-human elements are implicated in formulating important social values, such as identity, knowledge and community. Furthermore, they are seen to help collapse the natural-social dualism, which is often cited as a root cause of unsustainability, and enrich the lives of plot-holders in diverse and significant ways. Advocacy for their inclusion in urban communities is discussed in relation to the development of socially and environmentally sustainable cities.     

MBBR泥膜复合系统泥膜竞争关系的影响因素

为探究MBBR泥膜复合硝化系统内泥膜竞争关系，通过小试试验研究了水处理过程中常规因素（污泥浓度、DO、温度、C/N）对MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化效果的影响，分析了系统内污泥容积负荷和移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR，Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor）生物膜容积负荷变化趋势，进而得出泥膜竞争规律.结果表明，MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷均大于单一污泥或MBBR生物膜系统的容积负荷.在一定范围内，污泥浓度、DO、温度与MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷呈现正相关，且系统内活性污泥在与MBBR生物膜在竞争DO和基质时优势明显，而MBBR生物膜则具有更强的耐低温能力.进水C/N与MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化负荷呈负相关，且活性污泥在应对进水C/N过高时较MBBR生物膜更具优势，MBBR的“镶嵌”则强化了系统SND效果.微生物群落变化显示MBBR泥膜复合系统内的硝化细菌优势菌属为Nitrospira，且悬浮载体生物膜对其富集能力明显高于活性污泥.     

Performance analysis of different orc power plant configurations using solar and geothermal heat sources

ABSTRACT

Energy optimization is performed on hybrid solar-geothermal power plant working according to Organic Rankine Cycle and installed in southern Tunisia. The performances of four different configurations of the power plant are studied. Mass and energy balances are established for the different compounds. The effects of the main operating parameters such as the geothermal water temperature, ambient temperature and direct normal irradiation on the power plant performances are analyzed. A code is established using Engineering Equation Solver software (EES) to perform the required calculations. Obtained results show that the hybrid solar-geothermal power plant with a heat recovery system is the most suitable configuration design giving a better overall energy efficiency of 15.77 and13.11% and a maximum net power of 1089 and 1882 kW in winter and summer, respectively. However, in the summer season, using a heat recovery system can valuable only when the water temperature is higher than 66°C. For air-cooled condenser, the suitable condensing pressure is 1 bar in winter and 1.9 bars in summer.     

复合式膜生物反应器处理干法腈纶废水启动试验研究

采用新型Biofringe(BF)填料并结合A/O工艺设计了复合式膜生物反应器,采用连续进水的动态自然培养挂膜方式,并对处理干法腈纶废水做了中试启动试验。结果表明:该系统挂膜过程简单迅速,启动周期短,系统稳定性强,BF填料对反应器内的污泥具有良好的吸附效果。挂膜稳定后控制HTR为36 h,硝化液回流比为100%,进水流量为600 L/h,反应器出水水质稳定,出水NH4+-N浓度基本在5 mg/L以下,优于GB 4287—92《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》的一级排放标准(NH4+-N浓度小于15 mg/L),TN平均去除率可达55.86%,对腈纶废水具有较强的脱氮能力。膜的截留作用对CODCr的去除有一定的效果,对NH4+-N没有去除效果,反应器内存在同步硝化和反硝化(SND)反应。     

HBR反应器处理畜禽养殖废水实验研究

文章将好氧工艺应用到压氧折流扳反应器中形成新型的复合折流板反应器(HBR),研究了HBR反应器对畜禽养殖废水COD和NH4+-N的去除效果,考察了反应器的挂膜性能、水力停留时间的影响和各个格室的去除效果、实验结果表明,HBR反应器对畜禽养殖废水具有较好的处理效果,在进水COD浓度、NF4+-N浓度和水力停留时间分别为9...     

聚醚砜-改性海泡石杂化微球对环境毒素溴化乙锭和双酚A的吸附研究

本文将经过酸热处理的海泡石(AH-SEP)和有机改性处理的海泡石(OAH-SEP)共混人聚醚砜(PES)溶液制备杂化微球,并用于环境毒素的吸附试验研究,结果表明:PES/AH-SEP对离子型环境毒素吸附效果较好,而PES/OAH-SEP对非离子型环境毒素吸附效果较好;依据PES/AH-SEP吸附EB及PES/OAH-S...     

Inerting effect of N2 on explosion of LDPE dust/ethylene hybrid mixtures

Explosion flame propagation characteristics and overpressure distribution of low density polyethylene (LDPE) dust and ethylene hybrid mixture were investigated under N₂ inerting conditions using a custom-designed 12 L cylindrical explosion tank. The results showed that a small amount of ethylene could promote the explosion characteristics of LDPE dust. N₂ inerting had different inhibitory effects on the explosion flame of LDPE dust and its mixture with ethylene. The explosion overpressure strength of the LDPE dust/ethylene hybrid mixture decreased with increasing N₂ concentration. The overall suppression effect of N₂ on the explosion overpressure of the LDPE dust was better than that of the LDPE dust/ethylene hybrid mixture explosion. As the ethylene concentration increased from 0% to 2.5%, the limiting oxygen concentration decreased by 13% oxygen. This small amount of ethylene restricted the traditional inerting process. The study conclusions can provide further scientific basis for the inerting and explosion proofing design of production process equipment involving LDPE dust.     

考虑环保效益的混合产品提供策略稳定性研究

当前,中国制造产业面临污染能耗大、全球竞争优势递减、人口红利消失、产品日趋同质化和客户需求日益个性化等产业困境。随着《中国制造2025》对服务型制造理念的推动,以实物产品为载体,衍生与产品相匹配的服务,并与产品构成“混合产品”来解决客户问题的观点逐渐被诸多企业认同和实践。在混合产品提供过程中,考虑到节约资源、保护环境和预防污染,以及生产者责任延伸制下的政府约束,制造企业能否通过调整混合产品提供策略以削减上述顾虑并落实生产者责任延伸制的要求?本文在耦合生产者责任延伸制和混合产品理论的基础上,发现考虑环保效益的混合产品策略主要受政府、制造企业和客户决策行为的影响,籍此,构建了“政府-企业-客户”三方演化博弈模型,探讨各主体采取不同行为决策时策略的演化路径,并以共享电动汽车为例,验证本文模型,得到一些发现:客户支付意愿能促进策略实现,但促进作用边际递减,为此要求企业服务衍生把握深度和广度,并强调政府引导供需交互的重要性;策略稳定性受制造企业间接收益影响,而服务和环境元素对间接受益的影响更为显著;制造企业服务衍生和客户支付行为之间存在意愿平衡点,为政府制定适度性的扶持政策提供参考;潜在损失的增加促使企业和客户积极参与考虑环保效益的混合产品提供策略;政府参与度的增加促进客户价值创造效用边际递增。研究结论为制造企业在生产者责任延伸制下合理地提供混合产品,政府引导市场客户与激励制造企业方面的政策制定,客户对混合产品消费观念的重塑提供了建议与理论指导。