悬浮态污泥的SRT对复合式A2/O工艺性能的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧复合工艺(复合式A2/O工艺)及其对照工艺(传统A2/O工艺),进行了悬浮态污泥SRT的变化对系统性能影响的试验研究结果表明,悬浮态污泥浓度与其SRT的关系仍符合劳伦斯-麦卡蒂方程式的导出公式所反映的变化趋势,但其同时和反应器中填料上的生物膜数量呈相反变化趋势在总HRT为12.76 h、COD容积负荷小于1.5kg·m-3·d-1、TKN容积负荷小于0.13kg·m-3·d-1、悬浮态污泥SRT为25～5 d、水温为12～15 ℃时,悬浮态污泥SRT的变化对COD的去除几乎没有影响,出水COD均小于50 mg·L-1;但SRT的变化对氮和磷的去除有较大的影响,当悬浮态污泥SRT大于10 d时,出水NH4+-N和TN浓度分别低于15 mg·L-2和20mg·L-1,随SRT的增大,TP的去除效率下降;附着态生物膜参与硝化过程,能够提高系统总的NH4+-N去除率20%～30%.悬浮态污泥SRT宜控制为10～15 d,这可在一定程度上解决或缓解传统A2/O工艺中硝化和除磷过程对污泥龄要求的矛盾.     

杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化肥的效应

通过对杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化复合肥的试验研究,初步探明了粉煤灰磁化复合肥较同等N、P、K的复混肥,未磁化粉煤灰复合肥及当地群众习惯施肥法有显著的增产效果.试验表明,粉煤灰磁化肥在油菜上一般用量为757.58kg/hm2左右.粉煤灰磁化肥比对照增产21.9%,比当地农民习惯施肥措施增产10.5%;比等量N、P、K混合肥增产9.9%,增产180kg/hm2.比未磁化粉煤灰复混肥增产4.5%.最高产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为1026.9kg/hm2,油菜产量为2084.85kg/hm2;最佳产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为757.58kg/hm2,油菜产量为2041.79kg/hm2.     

Dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) Part 2: Fate of radio-labelled TNT in trees

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Problems of long-term existence of the environmental contaminant 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and necessities for the use of trees ('dendroremediation') in sustainable phytoremediation strategies for TNT are described in the first part of this paper. Aims of the second part are estimation of [14C]-TNT uptake, localisation of TNT-derived radioactivity in mature tree tissues, and the determination of the degree of TNT-degradation during dendroremediation processes. METHODS: Four-year-old trees of hybrid willow (Salix spec., clone EW-20) and of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were cultivated in sand or ammunition plant soil (AP-soil) in wick supplied growth vessels. Trees were exposed to a single pulse application with water solved [U-14C]-TNT reaching a calculated initial concentration of 5.2 mg TNT per kg dry soil. Two months after application overall radioactivity and extractability of 14C were determined in sand/soil, roots, stem-wood, stem-bark, branches, leaves, needles, and Picea May sprouts. Root extracts were analysed by radio TLC. RESULTS: 60 days after [14C]-TNT application, recovered 14C is accumulated in roots (70% for sand variants, 34% for AP-soil variant). 15-28% of 14C remained in sand and 61% in AP-soil. 3.3 to 14.4% of 14C were located in aboveground tree portions. Above-ground distribution of 14C differed considerably between the angiosperm Salix and the gymnosperm Picea. In Salix, nearly half of above-ground-14C was detected in bark-free wood, whereas in Picea older needles contained most of the above-ground-14C (54-69%). TNT was readily transformed in tree tissue. Approximately 80% of 14C was non-extractably bound in roots, stems, wood, and leaves or needles. Only quantitatively less important stem-bark of Salix and Picea and May shoots of Picea showed higher extraction yields (up to 56%). DISCUSSION: Pulse application of [14C]-TNT provided evidence for the first time that after TNT-exposure, in tree root extracts, no TNT and none of the known metabolites, mono-amino-dinitrotoluenes (ADNT), diaminonitrotoluenes (DANT), trinitrobenzene (TNB) and no dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) were present. Extractable portions of 14C were small and contained at least three unknown metabolites (or groups) for Salix. In Picea, four extractable metabolites (or groups) were detected, where only one metabolite (or group) seemed to be identical for Salix and Picea. All unknown extractables were of a very polar nature. CONCLUSIONS: Results of complete TNT-transformation in trees explain some of our previous findings with 'cold analytics', where no TNT and no ADNT-metabolites could be found in tissues of TNT-exposed Salix and Populus clones. It is concluded that 'cold' tissue analysis of tree organs is not suited for quantitative success control of phytoremediation in situ. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Both short rotation Salicaceae trees and conifer forests possess a dendroremediation potential for TNT polluted soils. The degradation capacity and the large biomass of adult forest trees with their woody compartments of roots and stems may be utilized for detoxification of soil xenobiotics.     

一个新型水稻不育突变体91FS受精卵发育的时间和空间表达

水稻 91FS是一个稳定遗传的籼粳型不育突变体 ,大约 2 5 %的受精卵能正常发育成胚 ,约 75 %的受精卵核仁不融合 ,受精卵不再分裂 ,导致不育和不结实 ,育性六代稳定遗传 ,受精卵致死时空位点发生在精细胞进入卵细胞完成受精作用后。开花前后 ,91FS、籼粳杂种可育材料 91FM和以 91FS为父本的杂种F1代的花药、颖壳、叶片和子房的可溶性蛋白质SDS PAGE和IEF/SDS PAGE分析表明 ,91FS、91FM和F1代的蛋白质谱带多代保持稳定 ,3个材料间蛋白质谱带的异同 ,既表明了它们在遗传和发育上的某些共同功能和相互关系 ,又表明不同品种、器官和组织在遗传和发育上的某些特异性 ;91FS的子房在开花 1～ 2天 ,具有一条Mr=15 8.5× 10 3 的特有蛋白带 ,结合 91FS受精卵发育的细胞学和胚胎学时空定位 ,表明它们极有可能与 91FS稳定遗传的受精卵发育的时间和空间表达有关 .图 4表 1参 16     

混合多目标遗传算法求解地下水污染修复管理模型

为了提高多目标遗传算法Pareto解的局部最优性,本文将快速非支配遗传算法(NSGAII)与一种迭代式的局部搜索算法(Hill Climber with Step,HCS)相结合,开发了一种新的混合多目标遗传算法NSGAII-HCS.利用CONV1和ZDT6两个经典的多目标优化函数对NSGAII-HCS的性能进行测试,与传统的多目标算法NSGAII相比,CONV1得到的Pareto锋面与真实Pareto最优解锋面的平均距离由5.49减小到1.74,ZDT6则由0.16减小到0,表明NSGAII-HCS在保证解多样性的前提下,能使解接近或收敛到真实的Pareto最优解锋面.最后,将NSGAII-HCS与地下水流模拟软件MODFLOW和溶质运移模拟软件MT3DMS相耦合,并应用到一个理想的二维地下水污染修复管理模型中,结果分析表明该方法可为地下水污染治理提供多样的和收敛的Pareto管理策略,是一种稳定可靠的多目标优化方法.     

基体表面状态对硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层/2024铝合金间附着力影响

目的研究不同表面状态对硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层/2024铝合金间附着力影响规律。方法结合硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层的综合性能与实际应用情况,选取4种常见的预处理方式来改变基体表面状态,采用拉拔测试仪测试不同基体表面状态(基体表面p H值、基体表面粗糙度、基体表面能),涂层/基体间的附着力值,研究基体表面状态对该涂层/基体间附着力的影响关系。结果基体表面状体影响涂层附着力的根本原因是基体表面能、基体表面p H值和基体表面粗糙度。结论对于硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层,其表面处理方式可用热碱清洗方法代替传统铬酸盐钝化;当硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层喷涂厚度为30μm时,将铝合金基体表面粗糙度控制在Ra=4.75μm左右,可保证涂层有好的附着性,附着力值为8.84 MPa。     

The territorialization of transnational sustainability governance: production,power and globalization in Iceland’s fisheries

To contribute to the literature on transnational sustainability governance hybrids, a new fisheries certification program in Iceland that was originally developed as an alternative to the non-governmental Marine Stewardship Council is examined. While this new program appears on the surface to constitute a purely nationalistic reaction against external non-state authority, the new governance institution is also non-governmental and incorporates international norms and institutions. To explain this new governance hybrid, Robert Cox’s International Political Economy approach to production and power is engaged. This approach theorizes the co-constitution of the social forces of production, state–society complexes and global governance. It is argued that the Icelandic case is not entirely localized or unique; it is part of a broader movement in which social forces of production respond to new market-oriented transnational sustainability governance institutions by developing territorially embedded but transnationally legitimate alternatives.     

四川不同海拔稻田生态条件与杂交水稻生长发育及其应用研究

对φ（Ｎ）３２°１４′～３２°５６′，λ（Ｅ）１０４°３６′～１０４°５１′范围内４００～１４００ｍ稻田小气候进行了观测，发现海拔（ｈａｌｔ）不同，稻田生态环境相差很大：ｈａｌｔ每升高１００ｍ，平均气温（θａｒ）递减０．７２℃，年降雨量递增６３．０ｍｍ（４００～６００ｍ）～１０６．８ｍｍ（８００～１４００ｍ），相对湿度递增１％，日照时数呈抛物线上升变化．ｈａｌｔ４００ｍ日均温稳定通过１２．０℃的初期为３月中旬，ｈａｌｔ每升高１００ｍ，该时间延迟５～７ｄ．不同ｈａｌｔ＞１２℃的有效积温分别为３６２１．２℃（４００ｍ）、３２４５．０℃（６００ｍ）、３１４９．９℃（８００ｍ）、２８０４．８℃（１０００ｍ）、２０８２．１℃（１２００ｍ）、１９５０．１℃（１４００ｍ）．在相对较高的ｈａｌｔ，存在明显的逆温和南北坡效应，相应存在杂交水稻局部高产区．本研究结果为四川不同海拔区杂交水稻品种合理布局和应用高产优质栽培技术提供了基础理论依据     

工业烟尘废气中PM2.5的除尘技术概述

本文通过对不同的常规除尘设备的工作原理以及除尘性能进行研究,重点分析了电袋式混合除尘器、静电旋风式混合除尘器以及湿式电除尘器三种混合除尘器的技术特点,指出混合除尘器和凝并器能有效提高除尘器去除PM2.5的效率,对工业发展和保护大气环境具有重要意义.     

纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜的抗污染性能

以AgNO3为前驱体,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为聚合物基体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂和成孔剂,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为还原剂和溶剂,利用相转化法制备了纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、原子力显微镜及接触角测定仪对杂化膜的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:原位形成的纳米Ag粒子均匀地分散在聚合物基体中,纳米Ag粒子的添加改善了PVDF膜的亲水性能.以腐殖酸和牛血清蛋白作为污染物的代表,考察了Ag/PVDF膜的抗有机污染性能.以大肠杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及活性污泥作为微生物的代表,考察了杂化膜的抗生物污染性能.结果证实了与纯PVDF膜相比,Ag/PVDF膜通量衰减较慢,可有效抑制微生物的生长,表面受活性污泥污染程度小,具有显著的抗有机污染和抗生物污染性能.