MIXING INDUCED BY AN INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP1

ABSTRACT The efficiency of an inverted internal hydraulic jump as a mixing and dispersion mechanism in an aquatic environment was examined. The flow considered was a two-dimensional buoyant flow from a shallow channel over a sloping bottom into a deep reservoir. It could be seen that a rapidly varied flow associated with violent turbulent mixing occurred near the point of discharge if specific discharge conditions and downstream controls were met. Downstream from the mixing zone the flow was stably stratified. The main object of the study was to find the conditions under which a turbulent mixing zone occurred and the rate of turbulent entrainment. Energy loss and length of the mixing zone were also investigated. The independent variables were the outlet densimetric Froude number, the density differential between outfall water and receiving water, the relative depths of the upper and lower layers in the stratified flow portion, the total depth, and the slope of the transition. Theoretical calculations had to be confined to a step increase in depth, but experiments in a laboratory flume showed that results obtained with slopes of 23° and 90° were quite similar. Both theory and experiments showed, for example, that dilution (entrainment rates) up to 2:1 (2 parts heated water to one part cold water) can be achieved at very little energy expense and with downstream depths approximately 8 times the outlet depth. Theoretically, any amount of dilution can be obtained, but large depths may be required. Experimental results also indicate that the length of the mixing zone was frequently ten times the value of the outlet densimetric Froude number.     

STREAMBED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR RIVERS IN SOUTH‐CENTRAL NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents hydraulic conductivities of streambeds measured in three rivers in south‐central Nebraska: the Platte, Republican, and Little Blue Rivers. Unlike traditional permeameter tests in streams that determine only the vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v), the extended permeameter methods used in this study can measure K in both vertical and horizontal as well as oblique directions. As a result, the anisotropy of channel sediments can be determined from streambed tests of similar sediment volumes. Sandy streambeds with occasional silt/clay layers exist in the Republican and Platte Rivers. The average K_v values range from about 15 to 47 m/day for the sandy streambed and about 1.6 m/day for the silt/clay layers. Statistical analyses indicated that the K_v values of sand and gravel in the Platte and Republican Rivers essentially have the same mean; but the K_v values from the Little Blue River have a statistically different mean. K_v is about four times smaller than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K_h) for the top 40 cm of sandy streambed. Measured K_h values of the sandy streambed are in the same magnitude as the K_h of the alluvial aquifer determined using pumping tests. The smaller K_v value in the whole aquifer is the result of interbedded layers of silt and clay within the sand and gravel sediments.     

Effects of mechanical fracturing and experimental trampling on Hawaiian corals

In situ trampling occurred under experimental conditions to quantify the differences in the responses to anthropogenic trampling in four dominant species of Hawaiian corals, Porites compressa, Porites lobata, Montipora capitata, and Pocillopora meandrina. Trampling was simulated daily for a period of nine days at which time further breakage was minimal. Forty treatment colonies produced 559 fragments. Trampling was followed by an 11-month recovery period. Coral colony and fragment mortality was low. All four species were highly tolerant of inflicted damage, suggesting that some species of corals can withstand limited pulse events that allow time for recovery. Growth rates following trampling were significantly lower in the treatment groups for three of the four species. This study demonstrated that very few trampling events can produce significant changes in growth even after a long recovery period. Survivorship of fragments is clearly size- and species-dependent in M. capitata and P. compressa. Smaller fragments (<5 cm) had higher mortality than larger fragments (>5 cm). High breakage rates for M. capitata and P. compressa are consistent with the nearshore, low-energy regions they inhabit—the same environment frequented by skin divers and waders. Mechanical tests were conducted to determine tensile and compressive strengths. Pocillopora meandrina exhibited the strongest skeletal strength, followed in decreasing order by Porites lobata, Porites compressa, and Montipora capitata. The skeletal strength obtained from the experiments correlate with the wave energy present in the environments in the regions they inhabit, suggesting that structural strength of corals is an adaptive response to hydraulic stress.     

环境水动力数值模拟的研究现状与展望

水动力数值模拟为水环境中污染物的迁移转化提供了重要的背景。水动力数值模拟的发展经历了数值计算、单因素模拟、多因素模拟3个阶段。本文在分析了环境水动力数值模拟的发展过程与研究现状的基础上,结合当前学科发展动态,预测了其未来研究的主要方向。     

滇池湖泊富营养化动力学模拟研究

针对滇池富营养化情况 ,利用实测资料 ,建立了叶绿素a、透明度、藻量与总氮、总磷之间的相关关系式 ,利用水动力学原理建立垂向平均化的水动力学模型 ,并对总氮、总磷及叶绿素a、透明度和藻量分布进行了模拟计算。对滇池湖泊富营养化的控制提供科学依据。     

INFILTRATION OF WASTEWATER AND SIMULATED RAINWATER AS AFFECTED BY POLYACRYLAMIDE1

ABSTRACT: Irrigation reduces infiltration rates for subsequent irrigations or rains, thus decreasing the efficiency of water use and impacting watersheds in agricultural areas. Reduced infiltration causes greater runoff with its accompanying erosion, pollution, and sedimentation. Small rates of polyacrylamide (PAM) improve infiltration and reduce erosion on irrigated fields. The effects of PAM on infiltration of rainwater, the longevity of the effects of various rates of PAM, and the effects of repeated or intermittent PAM applications are not understood. This study measured the effects of four PAM application rates (0, 10, 25, and 40 ppm) on the subsequent infiltration of wastewater or simulated rainwater for seven weeks following the initial treatments. Also, effects of repeated and intermittent PAM applications on infiltration were determined. Hydraulic conductivity was determined for each soil column using the falling head method. Two soil types from the coastal plain of south Texas were tested — a soil high in clay (Victoria) and a sandy loam (Willacy). Effects of PAM rates were significant, but effects of water type were not (P > 0.05). Benefits from single PAM applications disappeared within two weeks. Water enriched with PAM is so viscous and infiltrates so slowly that applying PAM in every irrigation event may not be feasible. However, repeating PAM applications every two weeks maintained high infiltration rates on the alternate weeks. This intermittent application of PAM may be a practical approach for improving infiltration rates on irrigated lands.     

SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN THREE‐DIMENSIONAL SATURATED POROUS MEDIA HAVING SELF‐SIMILAR HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: Customarily, it has been assumed that hydraulic conductivity is a stationary, homogeneous stochastic process with a finite variance for stochastic analysis of solute transport in the subsurface. That the distribution of hydraulic conductivity may have a fractal behavior with long range correlations was suggested from field data analyses. This motivates us to further investigate how the fractal behavior of permeability distribution impacts solute transport in porous media. This study provides longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients and the variance of the solute concentration. Longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are found to depend strongly on the fractal dimension (D) of logarithmic hydraulic conductivity (logK). The longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are the highest when D = 1, and the values decrease monotonically to zero at D = 2. Both coefficients correspond to the characteristic length scale of the logK distribution, thus are scale dependent parameters. The ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal macrodispersivity coefficient is on the order of 10^‐1 to 10^‐4. Concentration variance also decreases with the fractal dimension of logK. There is no spatial spreading of solute for D = 2, and the concentration variance reaches zero for this case.     

不同环境介质轮胎微塑料老化及小粒径微粒释放特征

为了探究轮胎微塑料在不同环境介质中的老化和小粒径微粒释放特征,于实验室条件下模拟了汽车和电动自行车两种不同的轮胎微塑料在干燥和水环境中的老化过程.结果表明,轮胎微塑料经过30 d的紫外光照后会发生一定程度的老化,具体表现为表面变得粗糙,出现裂纹和剥落等现象.通过傅里叶红外光谱得知,其表面羰基指数也有所上升.此外,轮胎微塑料在紫外光照和水力作用的影响下会释放大量的亚微米级小粒子,水环境中的汽车轮胎微塑料在光照条件下第30 d时每mL溶液中释放粒子数量达到了69 480万个,其中粒径小于1 μm的有69 460万个,是黑暗条件下的100倍左右.研究表明,水环境中的轮胎微塑料在光照条件下更易发生老化并释放更多的小粒子,且汽车轮胎微塑料较电动自行车轮胎微塑料释放的小粒子更多,具有潜在的生态环境风险.     

Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas in the South Platte River Basin,Colorado

Water use for oil and gas development (i.e., hydraulic fracturing) is a concern in semiarid basins where water supply is often stressed to meet demands, and oil and gas production can exacerbate the situation. Understanding the impacts of water use for hydraulic fracturing (HF) on water availability in semiarid regions is critical for management and regulatory decisions. In the current work, we quantify water use for HF at several scales — from municipal to state‐wide — using the IHS Enerdeq database for the South Platte Basin. In addition, we estimate produced water (a by‐product of oil and gas production), using data from the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission to explore reuse scenarios. The South Platte River Basin, located in northeastern Colorado, encompasses the Denver‐Metro area. The basin has one of the most productive oil and gas shale formations in Colorado, with much of the production occurring in Weld County. The basin has experienced higher horizontal drilling rates coupled with an increasing population. Results show water use for horizontal and vertical wells averages 11,000 and 1,000 m³, respectively. Water use for HF in the South Platte Basin totaled 0.63% of the basin's 2014 total water demand. For Weld County, water use for HF was 2.4% of total demand, and for the city of Greeley, water use was 7% of total demand. Produced water totaled 9.4 Mm³ in the basin for 2014, which represents 42% of the total water used for HF.     

膜生物反应器水力停留时间的确定及其影响因素分析

根据微生物反应动力学模型,推导了分离式膜生物反应器水力停留时间公式,并以此公式为基础,分析与探了膜生物反应器的影响因素。分析结果表明,对膜生物反应器影响程度由大到小的因素为底物最大比降解速度常数Ｋ,饱和常数Ｋｓ,维持常数ｍ,真产率系数ＹＧ,最大比增殖速率μｍ,最后简化了水力停留时间公式,其简化形式为：Ｔ＝１．１×（１／β－１）（Ｋｓ＋Ｌ）／ＫＳ。