垂直流人工湿地水力学特点对污水净化效果的影响

通过在污水中加入示踪剂,研究了人工湿地的水力学特点及其对污水净化效果的影响规律.结果表明,影响水力学各特点的主要原因是湿地植物根系所造成的物理学和生物学上的效应.水力学各特点与污水净化效果之间存在着密切关系:出水快、出水量大的系统具有较好的净化效果;除无植物系统外,停留时间较长的系统有较好的净化效果;容水体积大的系统净化效果也较好;水力负荷则主要通过影响其他各水力学特点而影响净化效果.结果表明,对水力学特点的优化将极大地促进污水净化效果的提高.     

A SCALED HYDRAULIC MODEL OF THE PEACH BOTTOM ATOMIC POWER STATION DISCHARGE1

ABSTRACT: A scaled hydraulic model was used as a schematic representation of the Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station (PBAPS) discharge into Conowingo Pond during critically low river flows. The model approximated flow and temperature patterns and the degree of recirculation are assessed. Under normal operation the effluent is carried downstream and dissipated within about two miles. However, during dry weather years, river inflows can decrease substantially, resulting in unknown recirculation of effluent and flow patterns in Conowingo Pond. This study was conducted to investigate and predict flow patterns in Conowingo Pond under critically dry weather conditions. A threshold river flow is also identified that indicates a measure of the river's ability to maintain downstream advection of the effluent. The study suggests a number of unexpected current patterns, potential recirculation of the effluent, and changes in the dilution of the effluent.     

Morphology Characteristics of Southern Appalachian Wilderness Streams1

Zink, Jason M., Gregory D. Jennings, and G. Alexander Price, 2012. Morphology Characteristics of Southern Appalachian Wilderness Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 762‐773. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00647.x Abstract: Watersheds without urbanization or impacts from logging are rare in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The Joyce Kilmer/Slickrock Wilderness of North Carolina and Tennessee contains 24 km² of old‐growth forest, with the balance of the wilderness in a mature second‐growth forest. The watersheds of Little Santeetlah and Slickrock Creek are located within the wilderness. Morphological information, including channel dimensions and longitudinal profiles, was gathered from 14 alluvial stream reaches in these watersheds. The study sites had drainage areas from 0.25 to 41.6 km² and stream slopes from 0.014 to 0.104 m/m. Bankfull cross‐section dimensions of the study stream reaches were strongly correlated to drainage area across the observed range of slopes and bed morphology. Cross‐section area and width relationships for the streams in this study did not differ significantly from regional curves for the mountain physiographic region of North Carolina. Observations of these reaches did not suggest a definitive rule regarding the proportion of steps and riffles in streams. Pools occupied greater than 50% of the length in all stream reaches with slopes less than 0.07 m/m. Significant correlation existed between step height ratio and slope, suggesting that step height can be approximated as the product of channel width and slope. Riffle length and riffle slope ratios were also significantly correlated with slope, though pool spacing was not.     

Comparison of the droplet size spectra produced by rotary atomizers and hydraulic nozzles under simulated aerial application conditions

Abstract

A wind tunnel was used to characterize the droplet size spectra of liquid sprays from several different atomizers and nozzles used under simulated aerial application conditions. The atomizers included a D8–46 nozzle, a Through Valve Boom (TVB) nozzle, and rotary cage and drum atomizers.

The D8–46 hydraulic nozzle was evaluated, using water, at orientations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90° relative to 145 and 180 km/h airstreams. The TVB nozzle was evaluated using water, water with isopropyl alcohol, and water with a non‐ionic surfactant at airstream velocities between 130 and 180 km/h. The rotary atomizers were evaluated at different rotation rates, flow rates of water and an insecticide, in 130 and 180 km/h airstreams.

The volumetric droplet size spectra parameters (D_vo.x) decreased as the angle of the D8–46 nozzle and the airstream velocity increased. Empirical models were developed to predict these values for different windspeed and nozzle angle conditions. The TVB nozzle produced larger droplets than the other atomizers under similar conditions, with a decrease in the D_vo.x parameter values as the airstream velocity increased.

The D_vo.x parameter values produced by the rotary atomizers increased as the liquid flow rate increased, and as the rotation rate and airstream velocity decreased, and were lower for the insecticide than for water. The slotted rotary drum atomizer gave the best control over droplet size, generally producing mono‐modal droplet size spectra where the other atomizers often produced bi‐ and multimodal spectra.     

起重机两种制动器的比较与选用

介绍直流电磁铁式制动器和交流电力液压推杆式制动器各自的特点,并对它们的优缺点进行分析,提出了我厂对它们的选用情况。     

低透突出煤层深孔水力致裂增透与浅孔抽采联合消突技术应用

为提高低透突出煤层的瓦斯抽采效果,在薛湖煤矿2303风巷进行了深孔水力致裂与潜孔抽采联合消突技术的试验应用.首先结合现场实际情况,从注水压力、钻孔布置和现场施工等方面研究了施工技术工艺,然后从应力分布、瓦斯解吸速度、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标、瓦斯抽采浓度等方面考察了水力致裂增透效果和联合消突技术的消突效果.应用表明,深孔水力致裂增透与浅孔抽采联合消突技术,工作面前方支承压力、瓦斯解吸速度、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标均大幅降低,瓦斯抽采浓度明显提高,抽采效果明显,为同类矿井的防突工作提供了可借鉴的技术和经验.     

A Decade of Geomorphic and Hydraulic Response to the La Valle Dam Project,Baraboo River,Wisconsin

We investigate stream response to the La Valle Dam removal and channel reconstruction by estimating channel hydraulic parameter values and changes in sedimentation within the reservoir. The designed channel reconstruction after the dam removal included placement of a riffle structure at the former dam site. Stream surveys undertaken in 1984 by Federal Emergency Management Agency and in 2001 by Doyle et al. were supplemented with surveys in 2009 and 2011 to study the effects of the instream structure. We created a model in HEC‐RAS IV and surface maps in Surfer© using the 1984, 2009, and 2011 surveys. The HEC‐RAS IV model for 2009 channel conditions indicates that the riffle structure decreases upstream channel shear stress and velocity, causing renewed deposition of sediment within the former reservoir. We estimate by 2009, 61% of former reservoir sediments were removed during dam removal and channel reconstruction. Between 2009 and 2011 renewed sedimentation within the former reservoir represented approximately 7.85% of the original reservoir volume. The HEC‐RAS IV models show the largest impacts of the dam and riffle structure occur at flood magnitudes at or below bankfull. Thus, the riffle and the dam similarly alter channel hydraulics and sediment transport. As such, our models indicate that the La Valle Dam project was a dam replacement rather than a removal. Our results confirm that channel reconstruction method can alter channel hydraulics, geomorphology, and sediment mobility.     

生活垃圾非饱和渗透性质测定的多步出流方法

传统土壤渗透性测量方法直接测量填埋生活垃圾的渗透性质误差较大.本实验现场测定六里屯填埋场原状垃圾土饱和含水率和饱和渗透系数,其平均含水率随填埋深度增加而增大,平均渗透系数为0.018 5mm·s^-1.在保证容重相同条件下,用多步出流法实验室测定扰动样品水分特征曲线和非饱和渗透系数.运用渗压出流和理论拟合测试技术,为建立渗透参数的随机分布模型提供参数测定方法.实验结果与模型显著相关.通过实验及模型模拟,揭示了填埋垃圾水分特征曲线的变化规律,证明多步出流法是适用于填埋场非饱和渗透性质测定的有效方法.     

湘江长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期长沙段水环境参数的变化

以湘江长沙段5个监测断面9个检测项目的实测数据为依据,运用综合指数法、污染物分担率以及营养状态综合指数法,分析了湘江长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期长沙段水环境参数的变化。结果表明:从总体上讲,长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期,长沙段5个监测断面水体的氨氮、高锰酸盐、总磷(营养物质)、挥发酚、石油类(有机毒物)镉、砷、汞、铅(重金属)9项综合污染指数等级、污染物分担率,以及营养物含量等级在时空尺度上均呈不同程度的下降趋势,其中以重金属污染指数下降趋势最明显。改善长沙段水环境质量的主要原因是:1长沙经济结构的优化与调整;2长沙综合枢纽建设与库区长沙段治污工程建设同步;3长沙综合枢纽蓄水功能,当水库蓄至正常水位时,一方面使库区长沙段年最低水位上升约1.5 m;另一方面使库区长沙、湘潭、株洲三江段分别较多年平均水位抬高4~6m、2~4m、1~2m,如此增加了长沙段水量,从而对水体污染物起到一定的稀释、降解与输移作用。     

水力停留时间对复合式厌氧折流板反应器乙醇型发酵制氢系统的影响

水力停留时间(HRT)是厌氧生物制氢工艺的重要工程参数.以红糖废水为底物,研究了HRT对复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)作为乙醇型发酵制氢系统产氢效能的影响.结果表明,在设定的8~36 h范围内的5个HRT中,当HRT为12 h时,HABR制氢系统的效果最佳,产氢速率为13.86 mmol·(h·L)-1,COD去除率为51.51%,五格室的pH值在4.22~4.47之间,液相主要产物为乙醇和乙酸,第1~5格室乙醇和乙酸的比值分别为1.90、1.94、1.80、1.77、1.91,最佳能量生产为11.11 kJ·(h·L)-1.