MBR工艺处理螺旋霉素制药废水过程中抗生素耐药菌与抗性基因的研究

抗生素废水含有大量的抗生素耐药菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB)与抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs),处理排放后可能增强受纳环境的微生物抗性,因此有必要深入研究抗生素废水处理过程中ARB与ARGs的削减效果及其影响因素。本研究采用膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)工艺处理螺旋霉素制药废水,考察了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对ARB与ARGs削减效果的影响。结果表明,虽然在HRT=30 h时MBR对COD与氨氮的去除率略高于HRT=40 h,但HRT=40 h时,不仅总异养菌与肠球菌的去除效果更佳,出水肠球菌耐药率及携带的抗性基因检出率也更低,而且MBR对废水中erm B、erm F、erm X、mef A、ere A、mph B和转移元件ISCR 1、Tn 916/1545相对丰度的削减效果更好。这表明长HRT更有利于MBR工艺削减螺旋霉素废水的耐药菌与抗性基因。     

Introducing a Low‐Head Dam Fatality Database and Internet Information Portal

Low‐head dams can cause dangerous currents near the downstream face of the structure. Fatalities at low‐head dams with such currents, often referred to as “drowning machines,” are poorly documented. This technical note presents a new database of fatalities at low‐head dams in the United States together with an interactive map and web‐based user interface. The primary purpose of the system is to raise awareness, generate interest, and educate the general public and decision makers regarding these dangerous structures and the need for remediation. The database was designed as a normalized relational database of event dates, severity, location, reporter, and other circumstances. The open‐access user interface allows the general public to browse fatal incidents by geographic location and to read incident circumstances. The system allows submission of new contributions from users including all metadata needed to characterize the incident. The database is structured to include documentation verifying each entry. The site can be viewed at http://dams.byu.edu/ .     

缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥反应器的启动及稳定运行

在室温下(17~19℃),通过接种成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥于缺氧-好氧连续流反应器中,研究连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥的启动及稳定运行.结果表明,在启动阶段,颗粒污泥系统的亚硝态氮积累率(NAR)平均超过95%,成功启动了缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统.将好氧区溶解氧(DO)由(3±0.2) mg·L~(-1)提高到(4.5±0.2) mg·L~(-1),探究DO对于该连续流系统的影响.结果表明,在较高DO下,缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统仍能保持良好的亚硝化性能,平均NAR大于95%.另外,通过改变进水的水力停留时间(HRT),探究HRT对于该连续流系统的影响.较短的水力停留时间(8.4 h)会加快污泥颗粒在系统中的循环,使破碎的颗粒污泥不能及时重组,致使污泥颗粒沉淀性变差,造成污泥颗粒的流失.HRT增加到12.2h时,颗粒污泥系统得到了恢复,并且可以稳定运行.在运行末(166 d),氨氮去除率和NAR分别为86.7%和96.2%.     

数值模拟减压集流式可渗透反应墙技术修复地下水

使用可渗透反应墙（PRB）技术修复受污染地下水,当地下水污染羽宽度和深度过大时,PRB的开挖、填料与安装成本较高.为打破PRB技术这一局限性,开发了减压集流式可渗透反应墙技术,通过集流井、输水管道和布水廊道的共同作用缩小污染羽范围并将受污染地下水输送至PRB,通过非完整井减压吸水方式捕获较深的受污染地下水.首先采用地下水井流公式计算减压集流井的关键初始参数,随后进行数值模拟优化参数并确定其它重要参数.在MODFLOW中通过改变减压集流井的井径、井数量、井间距及井与PRB的距离等参数,探究不同参数变化对减压集流效果的影响规律.模拟结果表明在合理的减压集流参数设置下,该设施可有效调控PRB上游的地下水流场,缩小污染羽的范围,在设定条件下受污染地下水断面减小了约50%.该技术显著降低了PRB的规模,拓宽了PRB的应用范围,使其可以处理污染羽范围较大、污染深度大的地下水.     

不同水力负荷条件下的人工湿地污染处理效果分析

本文研究了水力负荷对抚仙湖北岸典型人工湿地净化河道污水处理效率的影响。研究表明,TN、TP及SS去除率随着水力负荷的增加而下降,COD去除率受水力负荷的影响程度相对较小。综合考虑水力负荷对氮磷、有机物及悬浮物等水质净化效果的影响,如果不考虑其它因素,仅从系统处理效果的角度选择水力负荷,人工湿地系统的最佳水力负荷为0.5 m3/m2·d以下。     

压裂返排液的处理及回用

制备了沸石负载纳米TiO_2催化剂和蒙脱土负载纳米零价铁吸附剂,结合传统处理技术,构建了"絮凝—预氧化(Fenton氧化)—沸石负载纳米TiO_2催化臭氧氧化—蒙脱土载负纳米零价铁吸附"组合工艺,处理压裂返排液,考察了影响COD去除效果的因素。实验结果表明:在催化剂投加量1.0 g/L、臭氧通入时间5 min、吸附剂投加量5.0 g/L、吸附时间4 h的最佳条件下,COD从原水的4 032.60 mg/L降至37.03 mg/L,处理后出水各项指标均达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准;80℃下,出水回用配制的压裂液黏度为4.4 mPa·s,高于自来水配制和压裂返排液配制的压裂液,耐温性有一定提升。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响因素研究

本文研究了好氧颗粒污泥系统中,温度、pH、曝气强度、邻苯二酸(Phthalic Acid,PA)及氨氮(NH3-N)对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthahte,DMP)降解效果的影响,结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥降解DMP的最佳温度、最佳PH值范围、最佳曝气强度分别为25℃～45℃、7.0 ～9.0、1.38 cm/s.当PA浓度为100 mg/L、300 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起促进作用;当PA浓度为500 mg/L、800 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起抑制作用.进水中50 mg/L的氨氮浓度对DMP降解的影响不大.本研究中采用的19种运行工况条件中,除曝气强度为0.33 cm/s以外,其他18种运行工况条件下,当运行时间达到300 min时,DMP的浓度都小于1.0 mg/L,因此,当水力停留时间达到5h以上时,温度、pH、PA、氨氮对DMP降解速率的影响基本上可以忽略不计.     

页岩气开发过程中存在的环境问题及对策

我国正处于页岩气开发的试验期,页岩气开发会带来水资源紧缺、水和土壤污染及甲烷泄漏等环境污染问题,因此,分析页岩气开发带来的环境问题并制定应对措施十分必要。文章详细分析了页岩气开发过程中可能引起的一系列问题,并结合我国页岩气开发实际情况提出了解决对策,希望能为我国页岩气的开发提供一定的参考。     

Safety Studies on Hydraulic Proportional Valves With Electrical Position Feedback

The authors analysed a proportional valve with electrical position feedback for its failure behaviour. Severalfailures were introduced into the feedback loop, especially into the 2 solenoids and the inductive positiontransducer. The behaviour of the valve for square and ramp reference signals was recorded and systematicallyanalysed. It was shown that failures could be detected by monitoring the residual signal from the equipmentunder control or the residual signal from the sensor. It was possible to achieve the safe position within twice thenormal response time of the valve by switching off the current of both solenoids. The application of these resultsfor a new generation of safe proportional valves is discussed. The use of the results of these investigationsobviates the need for redundancy of the electrical position monitoring arrangement in a safe proportionalvalve.     

Physical Modelling of Urban Roughness using Arrays of Regular Roughness Elements

The aerodynamic behaviour of large urbanagglomerations must be represented in increasingly greaterdetail, as large-scale numerical weather prediction and airpollution dispersion models are refined. The present studyprovides detailed measurements of the flow field in regulararrays of obstacles to obtain representative data on meanflow and turbulence statistics in urban-type areas. Obstacle arrays consisting of simple cubes and flat plateroughness commonly used in boundary layer simulations wereplaced in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer flow in ahydraulic flume. The scale factor was about 1:200 based onthe obstacle height (50 mm). The results show noappreciable `constant stress' region in the internalboundary layer above the buildings, since in any finite-length test array the boundary layer is always developing.However, if the RMS turbulence components are scaled by thelocal values of the shear stress, then there seems to be auniversal scaling, with _u/u_* = 2.1,_v/u_* = 1.65 and _w/u_* = 1.2. This greatly simplifies the parameterization of the first orderturbulence statistics in obstacle arrays. It was alsoobserved during the experiments that, compared to results inthe cube arrays, the turbulence kinetic energy and theReynolds stresses were almost doubled in the flat plateroughness arrays.